Countdown to Quit! MarketWatch - Dec 2, 2008 A recognized definition of addiction suggests that it is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder resulting from prolonged effects of a drug on the brain or as ...
How binge drinking, smoking drive heart disease, cancers The Guardian - Nigeria, Nigeria - Dec 3, 2008 It has also been shown that cigarette smokers have a higher risk of developing several chronic disorders. These include fatty buildups in arteries, ...
C-section cautions Louisville Courier-Journal, KY - As it goes with so many of our chronic troubles, they have to do with smoking rates and lack of prenatal care. Our mothers and babies shouldn't keep paying ...
Brain music therapy used to cure insomnia San Jose Mercury News, USA - Nov 26, 2008 "I'd done hypnosis to quit smoking when I was young, and I believe in the power of the mind." In April of this year, McCormack drove to San Jose to visit ...
Holistic Practitioner Review vision magazine, CA - Nov 30, 2008 They can also help alleviate fatigue and chronic pain, while improving higher brain functions such as learning and memory retention. ...
Let?s Give Thanks for Some Good Health News Gather.com, MA - Dec 2, 2008 So let?s take a minute to be thankful for some health advances of the past year: Smoking rates for adults in the US have dropped below 20% for the first ...
Addiction takes heavy toll on the body Battle Creek Enquirer, MI - Nov 24, 2008 Marvin Howell said he always had a gap-toothed grin, but after smoking crack for six years, he lost five teeth. Basically, he stopped caring about his ...
Source: Google News
Recent News and Articles on the Keywords: 0.36 + web + 249,000 Related to the article below (Last Update: 8/5/2008)
Covidien Reports Third-Quarter 2008 Results MarketWatch - This call can be accessed three ways: -- Web - Go to Covidien's website at www.covidien.com. A replay of the call will be available through August 12 at the ...
DDGS-based feed supplement sales continue to increase Ethanol Producer Magazine, ND - Aug 4, 2008 Based in Walhalla, ND, SweetPro lists more than 240 dealers on its Web site, including dealers as far west as California and as far east as North Carolina. ...
Dominion Announces Second-Quarter 2008 Earnings Earthtimes (press release), UK - Jul 31, 2008 4) Refer to schedules 2 and 3 for details related to items excluded from operating earnings, or find "GAAP Reconciliation" on Dominion's Web site at ...D
Digital River Announces Second Quarter Financial Results MarketWatch - Jul 30, 2008 A webcast replay of the call will be archived on Digital River's corporate Web site. Digital River, Inc., a leading provider of global e-commerce solutions, ...DRIV
Percutaneous coronary interventions in Europe S Cook, A Walker, O H?gli, M Togni, B Meier - Clinical Research in Cardiology, 2007 - Springer ... country with 712000 angiographies (8600), 249000 angioplasties (3000 ... forms online
using the ESC Web services. ... PCIs to coronary angiograms was 0.41 (2003: 0.36). ...
[PS]NIST, USA judith. devaney@ nist. gov - FPS Tuning withAutoLink - gams.nist.gov ... PacketSize, a ne tuning test case has been added to the AutoLink web page ... Recv 11000
13000 11000 8000 11000 Max Send 11000 487000 453000 249000 275000 Recv ...0.36...
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD PROJECT - ABSAF Web, MT Levels - deq.state.or.us ... MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD PROJECT A Basin-Specific Aquatic Food Web... This paper presents
a basin-specific aquatic food web biomagnification model that simulates ... -
Fine Packet Size Tuning with AutoLink - M Michel, JE Devaney - Proceedings of the International Workshop on Parallel … - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org ... PacketSize, a fine tuning test case has been added to the AutoLink web page. ... Max
Send 11000 487000 453000 249000 275000 Recv 48000 15000 17000 40000 31000 ...0.36...
[CITATION] WILLAMETTE BASIN TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD (TMDL) TMD LOAD -
LTO N GJP Britovsek, VC Gibson, SK Spitzmesser, KP … - J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans, 2002 - rsc.org ... 2001, Accepted 13th December 2001 First published as an Advance Article on the web
20th February ... 4ii 0.34 0.06 0.36 89 164 88 7.28 5.13 3 4 89 85 2.38?2.43 ... -
- JR Janssen, MJ Moszer - US Patent 6,982,108, 2006 - Google Patents ... FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS GB GB JP JP JP JP JP JP JP WO 2 222 478 2330795 60 105928
03-33135 A 07-166095 07-166096 8-313350 9-249000 11-12553 WO 88/06532 Al ... -
Method of color-matching - JR Janssen, MJ Moszer - US Patent 6,717,673, 2004 - freepatentsonline.com ... 9-249000, Sep., 1997, JP ... B 62.43 3.94 9.75 -1.29 0.93 -0.31 11 A 63.36 3.01 10.46
-0.36 0.00 0.40 ... The coating was transferred to the web at 100 ft./min 30.5 m/min ...
[PDF]GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS K Rasilainen, R Lahtinen, TJ Bornhorst - arkisto.gsf.fi ... The database is available through the web pages of the Geological Survey of
Finland. URL: http://www.gtk.fi/publ/RGDB/. fIELd SAMPLING ...
Source: Google Scholar
Chronic Drinking And Smoking Cause Both Separate And Interactive Brain Injury
Article continues below and (thank you)
Most alcoholics in North America are chronic smokers. While much is known about the adverse effects of chronic smoking on cardiac, pulmonary and vascular function as well as the risk for various cancers, little is known about its effects on brain neurobiology and function. Symposium participants at the June 2005 annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Santa Barbara, California addressed the brain injuries that chronic smoking and drinking can cause separately as well as interactively. Proceedings are published in the February issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.
"Recent neuroimaging studies of chronic smokers have shown brain structural and blood-flow abnormalities," said Dieter J. Meyerhoff, professor of radiology at the University of California, San Francisco, associate researcher at the Veterans' Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, and symposium organizer. "Specific cognitive dysfunction among active chronic smokers has been reported for auditory-verbal learning and memory, prospective memory, working memory, executive functions, visual search speeds, psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility, general intellectual abilities, and balance. We also believe that the adverse effects of smoking, just like drinking, likely take many years to impact brain function significantly, and interact with age to produce a level of dysfunction that is apparent on cognitive tests."
Symposium key proceedings included:
- Genetic factors and pharmacological interactions between alcohol and nicotine may be critical determining factors in the very common co-occurrence of chronic drinking and smoking.
"Any behavioral manifestation, including alcoholism or addiction to nicotine, is a result of genetic-environment interactions," said co-author Yousef Tizabi. "Drugs, including alcohol and nicotine, may affect different individuals differently, depending on their genetic make-up. Similarly, drug-drug interactions are also influenced by genetic factors. Therefore, co-morbidity of drinking and smoking can be considered to be a final outcome of genetics, environment, and pharmacological interactions between alcohol and nicotine."
- Smoking may attenuate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor adaptations associated with alcohol dependence and may contribute to the co-occurrence of alcoholism and smoking. In light of this, benzodiazepines used to treat alcohol withdrawal may have different effects on alcohol-dependent individuals who smoke versus those who do not.
"GABA is an inhibitory amino acid in the human brain and is critical in counterbalancing the biological action of the excitatory amino acid glutamate," explained Meyerhoff. "In a healthy human brain, both amino acids are present in equilibrium. In disease stages such as addiction, to either alcohol or nicotine, this equilibrium is out of balance. During alcohol withdrawal, GABA concentrations may increase, but the densities of receptors are still relatively low. Benzodiazepines may strengthen the responses of (GABA)A receptors to GABA binding, thereby having a soothing effect on the user."
- In-vivo magnetic resonance studies suggest that chronic smoking in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals compounds alcohol-induced brain tissue loss and neuronal injury. Chronic smoking may also hinder neurobiological and cognitive recovery during short-term abstinence from alcohol.
"We studied recently detoxified alcoholics in treatment using in-vivo magnetic resonance," said Meyerhoff. "The specific methods we used were magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which measures the size of many different brain structures, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), which measures certain naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that tell us about injury to specific brain cells. Our analyses showed that chronically smoking alcoholics have greater brain abnormalities - that is, less brain tissue measured by structural MRI, and more neuronal injury measured by MRSI - at the beginning of their treatment for alcoholism than non-smoking alcoholics. And both groups had more brain abnormalities than non-smoking light drinkers."
Researchers also examined the recovery of regional brain metabolite concentrations in alcoholics who had been abstinent from alcohol for roughly one month. "We found significant increases of two important brain metabolite markers of cell viability in the frontal and parietal lobes of recovering alcoholics," said co-author Timothy Durazzo. "For most brain regions, these increases were apparent in non-smoking recovering alcoholics, not smoking recovering alcoholics, which suggests that chronic cigarette smoking may adversely affect metabolite recovery. The process by which chronic cigarette smoking affects brain metabolite recovery has yet to be established. It is possible that continued smoking in recovering alcoholics during short-term abstinence imparts a major [and] sustained direct source of harmful free radical species and, in combination with carbon monoxide exposure and possibly reduced brain perfusion, may hinder brain tissue recovery in smoking recovering alcoholics."
- Both chronic smoking and drinking have an impact on cognitive function: for measures of fast, flexible performance, smoking may explain the effect formerly attributed to chronic drinking; for other measures such as IQ or response inhibition, both chronic smoking and drinking may predict neurocognitive function.
"Our quantitative MRI results suggest chronic alcoholism and smoking both are associated with cortical gray matter loss," said Meyerhoff. "This leads to atrophy, which in general is a risk factor for greater-than-normal global cognitive decline and memory impairment in the elderly and, if occurring in middle age, may increase the risk for earlier and more rapid cognitive decline in old age. Therefore, smoking alcoholics, particularly those who are in their late 40's or older, may place themselves at even greater risk for abnormal cognitive function with advancing age."
Meyerhoff said that, collectively speaking, the research discussed during the symposium may help raise awareness that chronic smoking itself has detrimental effects on the brain and its function. "These effects are similar to effects that in the past have been attributed solely to the excessive consumption of alcohol," he said. "As chronic alcohol drinking and chronic smoking more often than not co-occur, researchers have begun to realize that the brain effects previously attributed to alcohol drinking alone may in fact be the result of both drinking and smoking. This realization may have consequences for how we look at treatment for alcohol-use disorders."
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) is the official journal of the Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Co-authors of the ACER paper, "Smoking Comorbidity in Alcoholism: Neurobiological and Neurocognitive Consequences," were: Yousef Tizabi of the Department of Pharmacology at Howard University; Julie K. Staley of the Department of Psychiatry at Yale University; Timothy C. Durazzo of the Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center San Francisco; Jennifer M. Glass of the Addiction Research Center at the University of Michigan; and Sara Jo Nixon of the Department of Psychology at the University of Kentucky. Symposium proceedings were funded by the National Institutes of Health, and the University of Kentucky Office for Vice President of Research.
Dieter J. Meyerhoff
djmey@itsa.ucsf.edu
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine www.ucsf.edu
