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Although ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) is often considered a "man's disease," it takes the lives of more women than men each year. In fact, in 2000, about 60,000 more women than men died from cardiovascular disease.
A research found that women's disease is actually very different from that typically found in men, with a variety of complex underlying factors. Further, because women's ischemic disease often evades detection through traditional diagnostic techniques that are based on men's disease, it may continue to cause symptoms but remain undiagnosed until progressing to a critical stage.
An update on findings from The Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation ( WISE ) Study, a multi-center, long-term investigation sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, is presented in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
When patients seek medical care for chest pain, diagnosticians typically look for a "culprit" obstructive lesion. But in many women, two areas of dysfunction – one in the cells lining coronary arteries and another in the tiny vessels branching within the heart itself – combine to deprive the heart muscle of oxygen. Functional rather than structural abnormalities of the coronary circulation may be the hallmark of the disease in women.
The WISE researchers offer the first description of this female-specific vascular disorder, "a global pattern of dysfunction in the macro- and microcirculation." Although the "diffuse atherosclerosis" that many women experience is not seen on coronary angiography, it results in abnormal resistance that limits blood flow to the heart tissue. But without angiographic evidence of a blocked artery, a woman's symptoms are likely to be discounted.
Women's symptoms often are different than men's, too, contributing to under-diagnosis. As the disease is progressing, women may describe non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbance and shortness of breath. The WISE researchers recommend that clinicians become more aware and aggressive in investigating these early complaints.
The journal articles on WISE studies, accompanied by discussions provided by several experts in the field, provide insight on a wide variety of subjects, including the array of gender-specific factors contributing to women's manifestation of heart disease and implications for innovative diagnostic and evaluation procedures.
Among topics and findings:
- The major roles of sex hormones. " High estrogen levels before menopause and decreasing estrogen and progesterone levels after menopause are believed to influence ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) in women."
- Premenopausal estrogen deficiency due to ovarian dysfunction may be a significant risk factor for IHD for younger women. Women with disruption of ovulation and decreased estrogen production had a greatly increased risk of coronary artery disease.
- The use of nuclear-based heart studies is recommended. Nuclear SPECT ( single-photon emission computed tomography ) imaging, for example, has resulted in dramatic improvement in diagnostic accuracy for women.
Functional capacity is one of the strongest and most consistent estimators of cardiac prognosis, but treadmill stress testing is not suitable or effective for many women. Tests that induce stress chemically should be considered. Also, a 12-item questionnaire, the Duke Activity Status Index ( DASI ), provides a valuable risk assessment using self-reported activities of daily living. These are translated into METs ( metabolic equivalents ), which are used to approximate physical work capacity. Two-thirds of the cardiac events in the WISE women occurred in those with an estimated capacity of less than 4.7 DASI METs. Women with evidence of lower scores were also significantly more likely to have risk factors and obstructive coronary artery disease.
Overweight women are more likely than normal weight women to have coronary artery disease risk factors. But the WISE researchers found that the issue is not obesity alone. Instead, it appears that the metabolic alterations associated with obesity are key factors in placing a woman at risk for CAD and cardiac events. Women with the "metabolic syndrome" are at much higher risk of cardiac events than those with a normal metabolic status. The metabolic syndrome includes insulin resistance, unhealthy cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels, hypertension, and abdominal obesity.
The recognition of different, unique risk factors for IHD in women – such as inflammatory processes in the arteries, anemia and microvascular dysfunction – leads to the possibility that different diagnostic and prognostic tools may be employed. Among options currently being evaluated are high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( a laboratory test that can detect inflammatory processes ), hemoglobin monitoring, and retinal artery narrowing examinations and coronary calcification tests ( for detection of atherosclerosis ).
WISE was designed to study diagnostic testing and pathophysiology of IHD in women and how sex hormones and other gender-specific findings influence the clinical aspects of the disease. From 1996 to 2000, 936 women referred for angiograms because of chest pain and suspected ischemia were enrolled.
Comment by Elizabeth G. Nabel M.D.