Autoworkers Worry More Givebacks Are in Store New York Times, United States - 34 minutes ago Since the UAW?s 2006 convention, Detroit automakers have lost more than $80 billion, including one-time charges, and shed more than 119000 workers. ...
US Media Thrive Worldwide, but Not US Image New York Times, United States - In 2006, the most recent year for which statistics are available, that figure grew by nearly 50000 hours, to more than 266000 hours. ...
NV man seeks new probe into son's death in Iraq San Jose Mercury News, USA - A Nevada man is pressing for a new investigation into his son's 2006 death in Iraq, saying a report by an online magazine casts doubt on the Army's ...
Heart of the Game Is in High School New York Times, United States - Nov 29, 2008 When Haverford struggled in 2006, a win over Upper Darby became a life preserver that saved a drowning season. ?It was like we won the state championship,? ...
A Tribute to John Lennon Keeps to Its Quixotic Path New York Times, United States - For instance Ben Taylor performed in 2006; his father, James, released his breakthrough album on the Beatles? Apple label. Marshall Crenshaw, who appeared ...
Latest Chrysler Buyout Offer Lures Quarter of Salaried Staff New York Times, United States - Nov 29, 2008 Both used buyout programs to cut tens of thousands of unionized assembly jobs in 2006 and 2008. More recently, GM eliminated about 5100 white-collar jobs by ...
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Taking a Stroll Along the High Line New York Times, United States - Nov 29, 2008 Its condos sold out in eight months starting in 2006, at prices from $600000 to $4 million. And the rental units began being offered in May. ...
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Health Tip - Oil And Water Mix For Skin Care Treatment In Winter Season
Article Date: 11 Dec 2006 - 0:00am (PST)
Just the words "dry, cracked skin" are enough to make people reach for an ointment or lotion. And as the weather turns colder, dry skin becomes a common problem for most people. Of course, choosing a skin cream is a daunting task when faced with the multitude of products on the pharmacy shelf.
"There are plenty of choices in the market place," said Jeff Moore, an instructor of Pharmaceutics in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department at University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. "Most of the time, it is just a question of personal preference."
Moore, a coordinator of laboratories which provide his students hands-on experience in compounding a variety of lotions and creams, believes a little background on the make-up of skin creams would make selecting the right cream easier.
Most lotions and creams contain one or both of the following agents-an oily agent and a watery agent. Most of the time, creams and lotions vary based on the amount of these two agents, or "phases" as they are commonly referred to by formulators.
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Some creams or lotions can contain most of one phase and almost none of the other. Or, these agents can exist in equal amounts. "In many cases, the 'feel' of a lotion or cream may run from very oily to not oily at all. It all depends on the relationship of the two phases," Moore said. Variations lie anywhere in between.
Unless some unusual medical condition exists, such as Psoriasis, most skin damage occurs because of dryness. In the winter, the air lacks the same humidity as in the summer. The atmosphere contributes to dehydrating the skin at a faster rate during this time.
It is during this period that creams or lotions with an oily feel come to the rescue and provide a covering that slows the escape of moisture from the exposed surface allowing re-hydrating from below. "We say oil-based lotions and creams have an 'occlusive' function in that they cover the skin and allow healing like a band-aid," explained Moore.
These creams and lotions may also contain additives which have proven to provide softening and soothing properties to the skin. "These additives are commonly known by most people and appear on the label of over-the-counter preparations. But they are not considered medicinal agents and at a certain concentration, usually don't need to be prescribed by a dermatologist."
The additives can range anywhere from natural products, such as aloe, herbs, cocoa butter, shea butter, and spices, to chemically-made compounds such as Vitamin E. The list is never-ending. There is even a long-used compound called coal tar that is a distillation by-product in the processing of coal. Coal tar, is taken from the coking process, and resembles a black ink-like substance which stains. "People would never apply coal tar directly to the skin," Moore said. "But uniformly mixed into a thick oily cream base, coal tar can be applied. While not fully understood as to how it works, this agent will irritate the skin in a way which helps jump-start the healing process."
Ointments which contain coal tar need to be greasy and thick. If such an agent is not necessary, most people would prefer a less oily, more watery type of cream, the so-called, vanishing creams, which apply easier and leave no major residue on the skin. According to Moore, these lotions may contain less heavy additives which provide a soothing and hydrating action. The only drawback is that water-based creams don't remain on the skin as long as their oil-based counterparts and need to be re-applied more often.
Some controversy exits in the use of vitamin agents in lotions or creams. There are those who say vitamin agents such as A, D, or E, have positive effect when directly applied to the skin. Others say the chemical agents have to be swallowed to give any benefit to the skin.
For skin conditions which occur below the surface, some additives, such as fine particle sulfur, are used to help to break up or 'de-keratinize" the skin to let medicinal agents reach the problem area. Otherwise, the skin will act as a natural barrier to the outside world.
"Most of what you find on the store shelves is fine to apply to alleviate symptoms of dry skin. However, if you have excessive drying, excessive itching, discoloration, or bumps, you will need a medical application. You are not going to get certain medicinal agents off the shelf and need to see a medical professional for a prescription."
Unsure of what might be the best ointment or lotion for you? Your pharmacist is in the ideal position to help.
University of the Sciences in Philadelphia is a private, coeducational institution founded in 1821 as Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the first college of pharmacy in North America. It is where the founders of six of the top pharmaceutical companies in the world launched their futures. Comprising four colleges across a broad range of majors, USP specializes in educating its 2,500 students for rewarding careers through its undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degree programs in pharmacy, science, and the health sciences.
University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
600 S. 43rd St.
Philadelphia, PA 19104
United States http://www.usip.edu/
Cancer Drug Side Effect Caused By Cell Pump' Problem
A troublesome side effect caused by some cancer drugs appears to be caused by a broken "pump" in the liver that fails to push these medicines into a "drain," according to investigators at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The finding offers clinicians a way to identify patients who are likely to develop diarrhea as a side effect from taking these drugs, the researchers said.
The discovery also has implications for people taking other drugs, since this pump controls the blood levels of many of the prescription drugs on the market. This study is the first to show that a specific gene mutation disables the pump-a protein called ABCG2-preventing it from disposing of these drugs. The mutation, a type of alteration called a single nucleotide polymorphism, is designated 421C>A in reference to the specific change in one of the DNA building blocks of the gene.
ABCG2 pushes drugs out of cells and back into the blood, or in the case of the liver, the pump pushes drugs into a tube-like structure called the bile canaliculum, which eventually leads to the intestine, from which it is excreted, according to the researchers. ABCG2 also pumps drugs out of the cells lining the intestine, preventing drugs taken by mouth from flooding into the body. Once past the intestine, blood vessels pick up the drugs and bring them to the liver and other parts of the body.
However, mutant ABCG2 can be less efficient at pushing gefitinib out of cells in the intestine, the researchers noted. A buildup of drug within these cells can cause diarrhea.
The ABCG2 mutation sets up a tradeoff between high levels of drug in the cancer cells and high levels in the blood, according to Sharyn Baker, Pharm.D., Ph.D, associate member of Pharmaceutical Sciences at St. Jude. Although high levels of a cancer drug in the cell can increase its killing effect, high levels in the blood can cause side effects. "It's a balancing act, and knowing which mutation to look for in people will help clinicians identify patients who should have their treatment modified by reducing the dose of the drug or switching to another one," she said.
The finding was made during a study of patients being treated with gefinitib for non-small cell lung cancer. The results suggest that other cancer drugs handled by the ABCG2 pump pose the threat of side effects to patients as well, according to Baker. She is the senior author of a report on this study that appears in the December 6 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
"Gefitinib represents a new type of treatment called targeted therapy, which researchers hoped would avoid causing significant side effects," Baker explained. "Targeted drugs are designed to knock out specific molecules that occur in abnormal cells, while sparing normal cells. But our work showed that people with the ABCG2 mutation are at increased risk for side effects."
Since diarrhea and skin toxicity limit the use of this drug in some patients, the researchers looked for a specific variation in the ABCG2 gene that could disrupt the function of the ABCG2 protein.
Among patients getting this drug, 44 percent of 124 individuals with the mutation in the ABCG2 gene developed diarrhea after receiving gefitinib; only 12 percent of 108 patients without the mutation developed diarrhea. However, this specific mutation did not cause acne, another side of effect of gefitinib. "Our finding also means that as targeted therapies become common in the years ahead it will be important to have a selection of such drugs so clinicians can choose those that are appropriate to the genetic makeup of the patient," Baker said.
Baker was at The Sidney Kimmel comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins when she worked on this project.
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Other authors of the paper include George Cusatis, Jing Li, Manuel Hidalgo, Roxann Ingersoll (Johns Hopkins); Vanesa Gregorc, Anna Spreafico and Eugenio Villa (Scientific Institute University Hospital San Raffaele, Milano, Italy); Jaap Verweij (Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands), Vienna Ludovini (Policlinico Monteluce Hospital, Perugia, Italy); and Alex Sparreboom (National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health).
This work was supported in part by the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is internationally recognized for its pioneering work in finding cures and saving children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. Founded by late entertainer Danny Thomas and based in Memphis, Tenn., St. Jude freely shares its discoveries with scientific and medical communities around the world. No family ever pays for treatments not covered by insurance, and families without insurance are never asked to pay. St. Jude is financially supported by ALSAC, its fund-raising organization. For more information, please visit http://www.stjude.org/.
