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Recent News and Articles on the Keywords: 2006 + web + article  Related to the article below (Last Update: 8/4/2008)

Dell Seeks, May Receive 'Cloud Computing' Trademark
InformationWeek, NY -
By J. Nicholas Hoover Like the term Web 2.0, "cloud computing" is quickly becoming a meme without borders. And like the old one, the new phrase with the ...
Automated Tagging Carries Risk Of Unwanted Results
RedOrbit, TX -
Yahoo already displays its Shortcuts on articles hosted by Yahoo News from sources such as E! Online and Time. And since 2006, The New York Times' Web site ...
Notorious Kirkland troll tells how to avoid his wrath
Seattle Post Intelligencer -
Sunday's New York Times magazine featured one of the most chilling articles I've read on one of the Web's oldest and darkest nuisances - trolls. ...
Going solo? Web site caters to singles
Chicago Tribune, United States - Aug 3, 2008
DePaulo sits on the advisory board for SingleEdition.com, a free Web site and e-mail newsletter that provides lifestyle articles for single adults. ...
With automated tagging, Web links can surprise
The Associated Press - Aug 3, 2008
For example, the word "laptop" in an article could be linked to Best Buy's Web page. For those sites considering expanding their use of the technology, ...
Link by Link An Internal Wiki That?s Not Classified
New York Times, United States -
?A lot of things are not things that you would put on a traditional Web site. If someone directed a desk officer to create an article, it would not be about ...
The Web of Wanton Cruelty As 'Trolling' Turns More Vicious, What ...
RedOrbit, TX -
By Mattathias Schwartz One afternoon in the spring of 2006, for reasons unknown to those who knew him, Mitchell Henderson, a seventh grader from Rochester, ...
Sonnenschein Rebuilds Its IT Data Model
Law.com (subscription), CA -
With a 2006 change in our governance structure, and an explosion of information, we needed quick and easy access to our work-product. ...
World gets hot and bothered
Tampabay.com, FL -
Looking for more reasons to worry? The Web site www.numberwatch.co.uk/warmlist.htm keeps tabs on hundreds of anxiety-inducing articles about the warming world.
The NYT Mag Goes Trolling For Trolls, Finds Something Pretty Nasty
Huffington Post, NY -
What's interesting about these web-themed articles is how they, to borrow a phrase, explode online ? not just in coverage, but in how they are debated and ...NYT
Source: Google News

Complex Trophic Interactions in Deserts: An Empirical Critique of Food-Web Theory -
GA Polis - American Naturalist, 1991 - UChicago Press
... Highlighted Article. Herbivore ... Liang. (2006) Food web of macroinvertebrate community
in a Yangtze shallow lake: trophic basis and pathways. Hydrobiologia ...

THE RISE OF PROFESSIONALISM -
ML Larson - Pediatrics, 1979 - Am Acad Pediatrics
... This information is current as of September 2, 2006 http://www.pediatrics.org the
World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated ...

Food Web Complexity and Community Dynamics -
GA Polis, DR Strong - American Naturalist, 1996 - UChicago Press
... Highlighted Article. Herbivore-mediated ... Helmut Hillebrand. (2006) Food web complexity
affects stoichiometric and trophic interactions. Oikos 114 ...

A compilation of molecular biology web servers: 2006 update on the Bioinformatics Links Directory -
JA Fox, S McMillan, BF Ouellette - Nucleic Acids Research, 2006 - Oxford Univ Press
... properly cited. Article. A compilation of molecular biology web servers:
2006 update on the Bioinformatics Links Directory. Joanne ...

Community structure in social and biological networks -
M Girvan, MEJ Newman - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002 - National Acad Sciences
... known a collaboration network and a food web and find ... article has been cited by other
articles in HighWire ... system models Brief Bioinform, December 1, 2006; 7(4 ...

Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation -
GYH Lip, C Boos - British Medical Journal, 2005 - heart.bmj.com
... WEB TOP 10 Heart 2006 92: 528. [Extract] [Full Text]. This article has been cited
by other articles: (Search Google Scholar for Other Citing Articles). ...

… Ischemic Cardiomyopathy This article has been selected for the open discussion forum on the STS Web … -
A Yamaguchi, T Ino, H Adachi, S Murata, H Kamio, M … - The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 1998 - Soc Thorac Surgeons
... This article has been selected for the open discussion forum on the STS Web site:
http ... at Google Indexer on September 27, 2006 ats.ctsnetjournals.org ...

… Lymph Node Status This article has been selected for the open discussion forum on the STS Web site: … -
TW Rice, G Zuccaro, DJ Adelstein, LA Rybicki, EH … - The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 1998 - Soc Thorac Surgeons
... This article has been selected for the open discussion forum on the STS Web site:
http ... at Google Indexer on September 1, 2006 ats.ctsnetjournals.org ...

… for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2006 Update Endorsed by the … -
SC Smith, J Allen, SN Blair, RO Bonow, LM Brass, … - Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2006 - Am Coll Cardio Found
... article has been copublished in the May 16, 2006, issue of the Circulation (Circulation
2006;113). Copies: This document is available on the World Wide Web ...

Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations -
P Ball - Chest, 1995 - Am Coll Chest Phys
... This information is current as of August 31, 2006 http://www.chestjournal.org the
World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated ...

Source: Google Scholar
 
 

Does Natural Selection Drive The Evolution Of Cancer?

Article Date: 24 Nov 2006 - 1:00am (PST)
The dynamics of evolution are fully in play within the environment of a tumor, just as they are in forests and meadows, oceans and streams. This is the view of researchers in an emerging cross-disciplinary field that brings the thinking of ecologists and evolutionary biologists to bear on cancer biology.

Insights from their work may have profound implications for understanding why current cancer therapies often fail and how radically new therapies might be devised.

A review by researchers at The Wistar Institute of current research in this new field, published online will appear in the December issue of the journal Nature Reviews Cancer.

"A tumor cell population is constantly evolving through natural selection," says Carlo C. Maley, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program at Wistar whose own research focuses on this area. He is senior author on the new review. "The mutations that benefit the survival and reproduction of cells in a tumor are the things that drive it towards malignancy.

Article continues below and (thank you)
 
"Evolution is also driving therapeutic resistance," Maley adds. "When you apply chemotherapy to a population of tumor cells, you're quite likely to have a resistant mutant somewhere in that population of billions or even trillions of cells. This is the central problem in oncology. The reason we haven't been able to cure cancer is that we're selecting for resistant tumor cells. When we spray a field with pesticide, we select for resistant pests. It's the same idea."

Maley notes that there are three necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection to occur and that all are met in a population of tumor cells. The first requirement is that there be variation in the population. This variation is evident in tumors, which are a mosaic of many different genetic mutants.

The second condition is that the variation must be heritable. This, too, can be seen within a tumor-cell population. When mutant tumor cells divide to replicate, the daughter cells share the same mutations.

The final condition is that the variation has to affect fitness, the survival and reproduction of the cells. All of the characteristics that are considered hallmarks of cancer affect fitness, according to Maley. Among these are that cancer cells no longer heed normal growth inhibition signals in their environment, they no longer require an external signal to divide as healthy cells do, and they are able to suppress a vital set of internal instructions that require cells to self-destruct when their genes are mutated beyond repair. This protective cell-suicide program carried by normal cells is known as apoptosis.
 
Seeing a tumor in this light opens a window on new therapeutic strategies.

"It's not just a metaphor to say tumor cell populations are evolving," Maley says. "Evolution is going on in the tumor. So let's think about how we might want to influence that evolution. Can we push it down paths that might be more beneficial to us?"

One idea might be to develop new drugs that would act as benign cell boosters. Such drugs would specifically target the more benign cells in a tumor to increase their relative fitness over their malignant neighbors. This would allow the benign cells to outcompete the malignant cells, leading to a less aggressive, less dangerous tumor.

"Another idea we're pursuing is what we call the sucker's gambit," Maley says. "In this case, you try to increase the fitness of chemosensitive cells so that they outcompete any resistant cells that are in the tumor. And then you apply your chemotherapy. So you sucker the tumor into a vulnerable state and then you hit it with your therapy."

In their review, Maley and his coauthors also explored how the ecological ideas of competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism unfold in tumors. Here again, they found that the concepts from another field helped to illuminate cancer biology.

Mutant cells compete with each other for needed resources. The immune system often kills tumor cells like a predator hunting prey, and the tumor cells that develop defenses against the predation are the ones that survive and reproduce.

An example of parasitism in the tumor environment can be seen in angiogenesis, in which a subset of tumor cells send chemical signals to stimulate the host to generate new blood vessels to supply the tumor with nutrients. The neighboring cells that aren't investing resources in producing the signals take advantage of the nutrients nonetheless.

Mutualism describes a situation in which two organisms interact in a mutually beneficial way. Tumor cells send signals to stimulate the growth of the cells that form the scaffold in which the tumor cells grow, known as fibroblasts. The fibroblasts, in turn, send signals to the tumor cells to stimulate their growth. Recent studies suggest, too, that the fibroblasts in a tumor microenvironment begin to acquire mutations of their own.

"They're co-evolving, and it becomes a dynamic, runaway process," Maley says.

###

The lead author on the Nature Reviews Cancer article is Lauren M.F. Merlo, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in the Maley lab. The co-authors are John W. Pepper, Ph.D., at the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Brian J. Reid, M.D., Ph.D., at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. The work was initiated by the Santa Fe Institute and supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Commonwealth Universal Research Enhancement Program of the Pennsylvania Department of Health, and the Pew Charitable Trusts.

The Wistar Institute is an international leader in biomedical research, with special expertise in cancer research and vaccine development. Founded in 1892 as the first independent nonprofit biomedical research institute in the country, Wistar has long held the prestigious Cancer Center designation from the National Cancer Institute. Discoveries at Wistar have led to the creation of the rubella vaccine that eradicated the disease in the U.S., rabies vaccines used worldwide, and a new rotavirus vaccine approved in 2006. Wistar scientists have also identified many cancer genes and developed monoclonal antibodies and other important research tools. Today, Wistar is home to eminent melanoma researchers and pioneering scientists working on experimental vaccines against flu, HIV, and other diseases. The Institute works actively to transfer its inventions to the commercial sector to ensure that research advances move from the laboratory to the clinic as quickly as possible. The Wistar Institute: Today's Discoveries - Tomorrow's Cures. On the web at http://www.wistar.org/.

Contact: Franklin Hoke
The Wistar Institute
 
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