The third study burst the myth that hospitals make more money when patients get these infections, saying hospitals lost thousands of dollars for each such patient.

"The main message here to us was a hospital-acquired infection is not to be considered a sort of byproduct of an extremely ill person coming to a hospital in the United States," said the journal's editor, Dr. David Nash of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.

Researchers examined data on surgical wound infections in recorded in the state of Pennsylvania to gauge whether the severity of patient illness upon hospital arrival or events that took place at the hospital were more to blame.

They judged that both factors had an effect, but more of the risk hinged on what transpired inside the hospital.

Researcher Christopher Hollenbeak said patients who smoke, have diabetes or are obese are at increased risk of surgical wound infections. He pointed to hospital practices, like techniques for hair removal, people coming in and out of the operating room and duration of the surgery, as factors that increased risk of infection.

"Of course, certain patient characteristics turned out to be important. But they were essentially swamped by the hospital characteristics," Nash said.

Pennsylvania last week became the first U.S. state to issue infection data for individual hospitals. More than 19,000 patients came down with an infection last year in the state's 168 hospitals, and 2,478 of these patients died.

Researchers examined the economic impacts of certain bloodstream infections at a Pittsburgh hospital. They wanted to determine whether hospitals actually made money when a patient ended up being treated not only for the original condition that caused hospitalization but the subsequent infection as well.

Out of 54 cases over three years, the hospital received payment of $64,894, with an average expense of $91,733 for an average estimated loss of $26,839, the study found.

Nash called it "the first time that we had solid evidence that this was actually a money-losing proposition for hospitals."

Copyright © 2006 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. Reuters and the Reuters sphere logo are registered trademarks and trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world.

HIV infection on the rise worldwide-U.N. report

Last Updated: 2006-11-21 11:42:56 -0400 (Reuters Health)

By Stephanie Nebehay

GENEVA - HIV infection is rising in every region of the world and, most worrying, in countries like Uganda and Thailand that had been heralded as success stories in the fight against AIDS, UNAIDS and the World Health Organisation announced Tuesday.

Nearly 40 million adults and children are infected worldwide, according to the "2006 AIDS Epidemic Update," issued by the two agencies. The most striking increases are in east Asia, eastern Europe and central Asia, mainly due to drug use and unsafe sex.

Somebody is infected with HIV every 8 seconds, equivalent to 11,000 infections worldwide every day, while another 8,000 infected people die. "Evidence shows again that the global epidemic is growing in all areas," Dr. Peter Piot, executive director of UNAIDS, told a news conference.

"Perhaps of even greater concern to me is the fact that in some countries that had known real results in the fight against AIDS -- Uganda and some western countries -- we see an increase in infection rates."

Some 4.3 million people across the globe became infected with HIV this year, with a heavy concentration among young people, bringing the total number to an estimated 39.5 million.

Sub-Saharan Africa, which recorded 2.8 million new infections, still bears the brunt of the epidemic, with 24.7 million people living with HIV, according to the report.

Of the 2.9 million global deaths from AIDS last year -- which Piot said was the highest number recorded -- 2.1 million occurred in Africa, the core area of the 25-year-old epidemic.

China's HIV epidemic, where drug use accounts for about half the country's estimated 650,000 infections, has reached "alarming proportions," according to the report.

"With HIV spreading gradually from most-at-risk populations to the general population (of China), the number of HIV infections in women is growing too," the report continued.

PAST SUCCESS STORIES

Uganda is among countries seeing a resurgence of infection rates, which were previously stable or declining, it said.

New data showed erratic condom use in Uganda and more men having sex with more than one partner, as well as evidence of rising HIV prevalence in some rural areas, according to Karen Stanecki, UNAIDS senior epidemiologist.

"In Thailand, another one of our past success stories, the number of new infections continues to drop but the epidemic is changing and countries such as Thailand and Uganda need to take into account the fact that epidemics do change over time," Stanecki said.

In Thailand, a large percentage of new HIV infections occur in people considered "low risk," she added, noting one third of new infections are among married women.

"In Thailand it's a shift, it is not the same people who are infected today as who were infected 10 years ago. The sex industry, we can say is safe, but the government neglected grossly the problem among injecting drug-users," Piot said.

"A country like Thailand which was really at the forefront of the fight against AIDS is lagging behind now when it comes to dealing with the problem in new populations as far as the HIV spread is concerned."

The report cited evidence of a diminishing or stable HIV spread in most east African and west African countries, while epidemics still grow in Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland.

Piot told reporters: "There has been progress in the fight against AIDS, firstly in Africa, where it was also time after all the investments that have been made."

In South Africa, where an estimated 5.5 million people have HIV, the epidemic continues unabated, suggesting the disease's prevalence has not yet reached a plateau, the report said.

Piot welcomed South Africa's recent pledge to do better against the disease, including using antiretroviral drugs which its leaders had previously questioned.

In Asia, an estimated 8.6 million people are living with HIV, an increase of nearly one million, and 630,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in the vast region this year.

India, where the epidemic appears to be stable or diminishing in some parts, while growing modestly in others, has 5.7 million infected people, mainly through heterosexual sex.

Copyright © 2006 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. Reuters and the Reuters sphere logo are registered trademarks and trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world.