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Recent News and Articles on the Keywords: 0.20 + web  Related to the article below (Last Update: 8/4/2008)


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APAC Customer Services Announces Second Quarter 2008 Results
MarketWatch -
The conference call, including the visual presentation, will be available live in the Investor Relations section of APAC Customer Services' web site at ...
athenahealth, Inc. Reports Second Quarter 2008 Results WELT ONLINE
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McAfee, Inc. Reports 26 Percent Growth on Record Revenue of $397 ... MarketWatch
TMC Net
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Altra Holdings Announces Record Financial Results for the Second ...
MarketWatch -
Also, the company has posted slides on its web site at http://www.altramotion.com in the Investor Relations Section in the Events & Presentations tab to ...AIMC
3 Italia adds to mobile internet offers
Telecom Paper (subscription), Netherlands - Aug 1, 2008
Dati Plus tariff provides for 1 GB of daily traffic, with each additional MB charged EUR 0.20. The Tre.Dati plan offers 5 GB of traffic a month for a ...

FLEXNEWS
Watts Water Technologies Reports Second Quarter 2008 Results
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Watts Water Technologies, Inc. will hold a live web cast of its conference call to discuss second quarter results for 2008 on Tuesday, July 29, 2008, ...
GFI Group Inc. Announces Second Quarter 2008 Results; Declares ... MarketWatch
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Power-One Announces Second Quarter 2008 Results
MarketWatch - Jul 24, 2008
The call will be available over the Internet through the Company's investor relations Web site at www.power-one.com. To listen to the call, please go to the ...PWER

CPI Financial
Community Financial Shares, Inc. Announces Second Quarter 2008 ...
MarketWatch - Jul 31, 2008
For further information about the Company and the Bank visit them on the world-wide-web at www.commbank-wge.com. In addition, information on the Company's ...
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CNNMoney.com - Jul 29, 2008
A live web cast and replay of the call will be available. Web cast and replay access information as well as financial and other statistical information can ...ACTL
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FMC Corporation Announces Second Quarter 2008 Results
MarketWatch - Jul 29, 2008
This event will be available live and as a replay on the web at http://www.fmc.com. Prior to the conference call, the Company will also provide supplemental ...FMC
Iron Mountain Reports Second Quarter 2008 Financial Results
IT News Online, India - Jul 31, 2008
In order to further enhance the overall quality of its investor communications, the Company will simulcast the conference call on its Web site at ...IRM
Source: Google News

Measuring the Independence of Central Banks and Its Effect on Policy Outcomes -
A Cukierman, SB Web, B Neyapti - The World Bank Economic Review, 1992 - World Bank
... 1 Chief executive officer (CEO) 0.20 a. Term of office Over 8 years 1.00 6 to 8
years 0.75 5 years ... 0.20 The executive branch has unconditional priority ' 0.00 ...

The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine -
S Brin, L Page - Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1998 - Elsevier
... Total time (s) 3.13 3.XI 1.86 9.63 CPU time (\I 0.06 I.66 0.20 I.16 ... A Web
search engine is a very rich environment for research ideas. ...

Effect of Scale on Food Web Structure -
ND Martinez - Science, 1993 - sciencemag.org
... Also in line with the convention, an eighth food web property, connectance, is inferred
tobe scale-dependent and to decrease as the number ... 0.30 F b- 0.20 F ...

[PDF] An Adaptive Agent for Web Exploration Based on Concept Hierarchies -
S Parent, B Mobasher, S Lytinen - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human …, 2001 - maya.cs.depaul.edu
... properti:0.60 protect:0.29 product:0.20 author:0.20 Page 5. ... improve the effectiveness
of information retrieval both in the general context of the Web, as well ...

Web caching and Zipf-like distributions: evidence and implications -
L Breslau, P Cao, L Fan, G Phillips, S Shenker - INFOCOM'99. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE …, 1999 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
... 126 Web Caching and Zipf-like Distributions: Evidence and Implications Lee
Breslau, Pci Cao, Li Fan, Graham Phillips, Scott Shenker. ...

Hierarchical classification of Web content -
S Dumais, H Chen, H Chen - Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR …, 2000 - portal.acm.org
... For the top-level threshold value of p=0.20, only 7.4% of the ... use of hierarchical
structure for classifying a large, heterogeneous collection of web content to ...

[PDF] Biomagnification and bioaccumulation of mercury in an arctic marine food web: insights from stable … -
L Atwell, KA Hobson, HE Welch - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1998 - article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
... Kidd et al. (1995a) described mercury biomagnification in a subset of the food web
(ie, fishes) whereas the biomagnification power of 0.20 found in our study ...
-

Real life information retrieval: a study of user queries on the Web -
BJ Jansen, A Spink, J Bateman, T Saracevic - ACM SIGIR Forum, 1998 - portal.acm.org
... Thus, the relevance feedback on the Web is used half as much as in traditional IR
searches. ... OR 177 0.34 46 26 AND NOT 105 0.20 39 37 ( ) 273 0.53 0 0 ...

[PS] On the Implications of Zipf?s Law for Web Caching -
L Breslau, P Cao, L Fan, G Phillips, S Shenker - 3rd International WWW Caching Workshop, 1998 - linofee.org
... Once again the model predicted by Zipf?s law is consistent with data observed at
operational web servers [RV98, CI97], that is, the probability that a ... 0.20 ...

Optimal Foraging Strategy of the Sheet-Web Spider Lepthyphantes Flavipes Under Perturbation -
J Leclerc - Ecology, 1991 - JSTOR
... Thus, for ex- ample, a value of pert = 0.20 means that ~ 20% of the spiders that
follow a fixed-site strategy are forced to move to a new web site each day. ...

Source: Google Scholar
 
 

Proteins Anchor Memories In Our Brain

Article Date: 23 Nov 2006 - 19:00pm (PST)
A University of Utah study suggests that memories are held in our brains because certain proteins serve as anchors, holding other proteins in place to strengthen synapses, which are connections between nerve cells.

"The essential idea is that synapses are in a constant state of flux, so how can they be the seat of memories that can last a lifetime?" says mathematics Professor Paul Bressloff, a member of the Brain Institute at the University of Utah. "Part of the answer is that there are anchors inside the synapse that keep proteins in place, and these proteins help determine how strong a synapse is, which in turn contributes to forming and retaining memories."

The research is relevant not only to how memory and learning work, but to Alzheimer's disease, which is believed to involve, at least in part, a breakdown in the normal movement of proteins within synapses.

Article continues below and (thank you)
 
The study was published Nov. 22, 2006, in The Journal of Neuroscience. Bressloff conducted the research with Berton Earnshaw, a doctoral student in mathematics. It was funded by the National Science Foundation.

Bressloff says the big debate about consciousness is, "Can it be explained simply in terms of a bunch of nerve impulses in the brain? In my opinion, the answer has to be yes" - an answer reinforced by his findings.

"Memories, behavior, feelings all are determined by patterns of nerve impulses in the brain," he adds. "If you change the pattern of nerve impulses, then that changes the memories, behavior and feelings. … What determines that pattern of nerve impulses is a mixture of stimuli we are receiving from the outside world and the strength of connections between nerve cells."

"Our knowledge and memories are determined by these connections in the brain. Who we are is determined by the strength of connections between neurons in the brain."

The Anatomy of Memory and Learning

A synapse is the junction between nerve cells or neurons. The synapse includes three parts: the end or "axon" of the upstream nerve cell, the microscopic gap between nerve cells, and a mushroom-shaped "dendritic spine," which is part of the downstream nerve cell.
 
What we learn and hold in our memory is believed to be distributed across many synapses, Bressloff says. Some memories, such as a person's face, may be held by just a few synapses, while other memories may be distributed across a large number, he adds.

While a nerve cell has only one axon to transmit outgoing signals, it has numerous structures called dendrites, which are like branches of a tree. Each dendrite, in turn, branches into twig-like dendritic spines. A single nerve cell may have 10,000 dendritic spines, and each spine is part of a synapse. So a single nerve cell can receive signals from 10,000 other nerve cells.

Nerve cells fire electric impulses. When an electrical nerve signal from one nerve cell arrives at the synapse, it triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. Those chemicals travel across the synapse and attach or "bind" to proteins on the dendritic spine that are called receptors.

One of the most important neurotransmitters is named glutamate, and it binds to proteins known as "AMPA receptors," which are embedded in the dendritic spines on the receiving end of nerve cells. The AMPA receptor proteins are held in the membrane by other proteins called "scaffolding proteins." Bressloff says AMPA is one of two key nerve-signal receptors known to "play a crucial role in learning and memory."

Earlier research indicates learning and memory depend on the strength of synapses between nerve cells. Bressloff says a synapse's strength depends not only on how much neurotransmitter is released by the upstream nerve cell, but on other factors, including the number of receptors like AMPA.

The Study: Simulating How Nerve Cells Receive Signals

Bressloff's study focused on how synapse strength relates to the number of AMPA receptors, which is crucial in determining how strong an electrical current is generated in a downstream nerve cell by a nerve impulse from an upstream nerve cell.

Individual AMPA receptors constantly are recycled or "trafficked" in and out of the synapse. So how can an ever-changing synapse help retain learning and memories?

Bressloff constructed a mathematical "model" - a simulation that used calculus equations to describe the movement of AMPA receptors in and out of the synapse.

The mathematical simulation was based on the notion that the downstream part of a synapse - namely, the mushroom-shaped dendritic spine - has two compartments. The first compartment looks like the cap of the mushroom. It is where AMPA receptors are held in place by scaffolding proteins so they can receive glutamate's chemical signal from the upstream nerve cell. The second compartment is like the mushroom's stalk.

Bressloff used 10 or fewer "differential equations" to describe four processes involved in determining the rates at which individual AMPA receptors leave or enter a synapse by moving between the cap- and stalk-like parts of the dendritic spine:

* Inside the cap, AMPA receptors can attach to scaffolding proteins so the receptors remain in place and can receive nerve signals via neurotransmitters.

* AMPA receptors that detach from scaffolding proteins can move back and forth between the cap and stalk; in other words, they can move in and out of the synapse.

* AMPA receptors can leave the dendritic spine completely, moving from the stalk to other parts of the dendrite that also are outside of the synapse. And they can move back into the stalk.

* AMPA receptors can leave the surface of the dendritic spine and move to its interior. And they can move back again.

* Bressloff tested his mathematical model against reality, showing the calculations accurately reflect how, over time, synapses become stronger as more nerve signals pass through them and weaker as fewer signals are transmitted.

That allowed him to ask what movements of AMPA receptors were likely to be responsible for making synapses stronger or weaker.

The simulation's answer: The strength of a synapse - and thus its ability to hold what we learn and remember - changes when there is a change in the number of scaffolding proteins that keep AMPA receptors in place in the synapse, specifically on the surface or cap of the mushroom-shaped dendritic spine.

In other words, the most important factor in strengthening synapses was the presence of scaffolding proteins that hold AMPA receptor proteins in place so they can receive nerve signals from neurotransmitter chemicals.

For synapses between nerves to grow stronger, "you can't just shove a bunch of new AMPA receptors to the surface because they will just go away again," Bressloff says. "You need to keep them there."

So what we remember and learn is, in effect, anchored to nerve cells in our brain.

"Our synapses are in a constant state of flux," Bressloff says. "They are exchanging molecules all the time. Yet we have stable memories and things we learn. So what is it that encodes a memory to the synapse if proteins are being changed all the time? Certain proteins act as anchors that keep other proteins in place."

###

Contacts:

Paul Bressloff, professor of mathematics

Lee Siegel

The University of Utah

The Brain Institute at the University of Utah
 
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