13-7. (De desarrollo) aumentar el número de las personas VIH-positivas que saben su serostatus.
Fuente de datos potencial: Sistema de la vigilancia de HIV/AIDS, CDC, NCHSTP.
Los avances en la prevención y el tratamiento del VIH aumentan la importancia de las personas que aprenden su estado del VIH. Las estimaciones son que aproximadamente 250.000 personas en los Estados Unidos son inconscientes ellas fueron infectadas con el VIH en 1998. La prueba del VIH proporciona una avenida crítica a las personas del alcance a riesgo del asesoramiento y de servicios de la prevención tan bien como ligar a individuos infectados a servicios necesarios del cuidado y del tratamiento. Claramente, las personas infectadas deben ser aconsejadas sobre maneras que pueden proteger su propia salud y guardar de infectar otras. Los nuevos tratamientos ofrecen a personas infectadas la promesa de una vida más larga, más sana. Para las hembras embarazadas VIH-infectadas, la terapia está disponible para reducir la ocasión de transmitir el VIH a sus bebés. Aunque la evidencia todavía no está enteramente clara, las personas que se están tratando con éxito para el VIH pueden ser menos probables transmitir el virus. Porque la ciencia es desarrollo, comunicando la necesidad de continuación de personas infectadas, incluso ésas en el tratamiento, de tomar medidas para proteger a sus socios son esenciales. 23
13-8. Aumentar la proporción de las instalaciones del tratamiento del abuso de la sustancia que ofrecen la educación, el asesoramiento, y la ayuda de HIV/AIDS.
Blanco: 70 por ciento.
Línea de fondo: 58 por ciento de instalaciones del tratamiento del abuso de la sustancia ofrecieron la educación, el asesoramiento, y la ayuda de HIV/AIDS en 1997.
Blanco que fija método: 21 por ciento de mejora.
Fuente de datos: Modem uniforme de la facilidad (UFDS), SAMHSA.
Hasta la fecha, más de una mitad de todas las cajas divulgadas del SIDA en los Estados Unidos ha ocurrido entre usuarios de droga de la inyección, sus socios heterosexuales del sexo, y los niños que madres eran usuarios de droga de la inyección o socios del sexo de los usuarios de droga de la inyección. 3
Previniendo la droga utilizar y proporcionando el tratamiento al uso de la droga de la parada entre las personas que usan ya las drogas ser las mejores maneras de prevenir la transmisión droga-asociada del VIH. Entre las personas que inyectan las drogas, reusing o compartiendo el equipo sangre-contaminado de la inyección (particularmente jeringuillas) continúan desempeñando un papel substancial en la transmisión del VIH, así como la transmisión de la hepatitis B y C y otras infecciones del bloodborne.
Los programas del intercambio de la aguja y de la jeringuilla (NSEPs) pueden ser un componente eficaz de los esfuerzos comunidad-basados comprensivos de la prevención del VIH. 24 además, NSEPs puede proporcionar un camino para ligar los usuarios de droga de la inyección a otros servicios importantes, tales como riesgo-reducción aconsejando, el tratamiento de la droga, y servicios de ayuda.
13-9. (De desarrollo) aumentar el número de los sistemas penintenciarios del estado que proporcionan HIV/AIDS comprensivo, enfermedades sexual transmitidas, y la educación de la tuberculosis (TB).
Fuente de datos potencial: Examen de la prevención en instalaciones correccionales, instituto del VIH, del STD, y de TB de CDC/National de la justicia.
El encarcelamiento proporciona un ambiente en el cual las intervenciones y los comportamientos tempranos de la riesgo-reducción se puedan enseñar y en un cierto plazo reforzada. También representa una oportunidad de proporcionar la educación, la ayuda, y la continuidad del cuidado necesitada cuando las personas incarcerated son lanzadas y de vuelta a sus comunidades caseras.
13-10. (De desarrollo) aumentar a proporción de internos en los sistemas penintenciarios del estado que reciben el VIH voluntario que aconseja y que prueba durante el encarcelamiento.
Fuente de datos potencial: Examen de la prevención del VIH, del STD, y de TB en instalaciones correccionales, la CDC y el instituto nacional de la justicia.
Aunque no están estandardizados, los sistemas penintenciarios del estado pueden proporcionar el acceso al tratamiento y el cuidado para las personas infectadas del VIH. El acceso temprano al cuidado reduce los costes inmediatos y a largo plazo del cuidado médico para las instituciones correccionales y la comunidad. Este objetivo se centra en sistemas del estado porque, de acuerdo con la oficina federal de la dirección de las prisiones, todas las instalaciones correccionales federales se requieren para proporcionar el VIH que prueba a todos los internos en algún momento antes de descarga. La continuación de esta práctica es importante. Es también importante proporcionar el VIH que prueba a los internos sobre producto para tener en cuenta suficiente asistencia médica y followup necesario. Además, el planeamiento de la descarga y los acoplamientos formales con cuidado comunidad-basado del VIH se deben ofrecer a todos los internos VIH-positivos apenas antes o sobre de lanzamiento.
13-11. Increase the proportion of adults with tuberculosis (TB) who have been tested for HIV.
Target: 85 percent.
Baseline: 55 percent of adults aged 25 to 44 years with TB were tested for HIV in 1998.
Target setting method: Better than the best.
Data source: National TB Surveillance System, CDC, DTBE.
Adults Aged 25 to 44 Years With TB, 1998 |
Tested for HIV |
Percent |
TOTAL |
59 |
Race and ethnicity |
American Indian or Alaska Native |
39 |
Asian or Pacific Islander |
29 |
Asian |
DNC |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
DNC |
Black or African American |
61 |
White |
76 |
|
Hispanic or Latino |
50 |
Not Hispanic or Latino |
46 |
Black or African American |
58 |
White |
51 |
Gender |
Female |
51 |
Male |
58 |
Family income level |
Poor |
DNC |
Near poor |
DNC |
Middle/high income |
DNC |
DNA = Data have not been analyzed. DNC = Data are not collected. DSU = Data are statistically unreliable. |
The rapid rate of progression from infection with TB bacteria to active TB disease among HIV-positive patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been well documented. When State health departments compared their TB and AIDS registries, 27 percent of the TB cases reported in 1993-94 in adults aged 25 to 44 years had a match in the AIDS registry. However, estimates based on registry matches provide only a minimum estimate of coinfection. 25
Early detection of HIV in TB patients also allows for early intervention and treatment that may prevent or delay the development of other HIV-related illnesses and AIDS. In fact, many persons diagnosed with TB who have immune system problems caused by HIV are unaware of their HIV status. TB patients receive HIV testing only after counseling and informed consent from the patient. Because testing is voluntary, some patients may decline HIV testing.
13-12. (Developmental) Increase the proportion of adults in publicly funded HIV counseling and testing sites who are screened for common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) and are immunized against hepatitis B virus.
Potential data source: HIV Counseling and Testing Data Summary, CDC, NCHSTP.
Data indicate that the presence of other STDs substantially increases the risk of HIV transmission by making it easier both to get and to give HIV infection. 28, 30 Treating other STDs reduces the spread of HIV. U.S. STD rates are high, and STD clinical services are inadequate in the face of a changing HIV epidemic. 31
STD vaccines can minimize the probability of infection. While vaccines for some STDs are in various stages of development, an effective vaccine for hepatitis B is widely available. Unfortunately, hepatitis B vaccine coverage remains low, especially in high-risk groups. The main reasons are a lack of awareness among health care providers, limited opportunity to reach high-risk youth in traditional health care settings, and limited financial support for widescale implementation of this intervention. Many persons requesting HIV counseling and testing, although not HIV infected, are nonetheless at high risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections. Offering hepatitis B vaccine at sites screening for common STDs would take advantage of reaching high-risk persons who otherwise may not have access to immunization services.
13-13. Increase the proportion of HIV-infected adolescents and adults who receive testing, treatment, and prophylaxis consistent with current Public Health Service treatment guidelines.
Target and baseline:
Total Population, 1997* |
Deaths Due to HIV Infection |
13-14. Both Sexes |
Females† |
Males† |
Rate per 100,000 |
|
Testing |
13-13a. |
Viral load testing |
76 |
95 |
13-13b. |
Tuberculin skin testing (TST) |
Developmental |
|
Treatment |
13-13c. |
Any antiretroviral therapy |
92 |
95 |
13-13d. |
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) |
54 |
95 |
|
Prophylaxis |
13-13e. |
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis |
95 |
95 |
13-13f. |
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) prophylaxis |
61 |
95 |
13-13g. |
Pneumococcal vaccination |
43 |
95 |
Note: Data from 11 cities and 9 States. |
Target setting method: An improvement to the same percentage as that of the highest service (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis at 95 percent).
Data source: Adult Spectrum of Disease (ASD) Surveillance Project, CDC, NCHSTP.
Estimated new cases of AIDS in adults and adolescents declined by 15 percent from 1996 to 1997. As new therapies continue to be developed and as people with HIV/AIDS live longer, HIV-infected persons need access to these life-enhancing treatments. Once individuals access care, they need to receive the most beneficial treatment possible. The survival benefits of antiretroviral therapy, PCP and MAC prophylaxis, and TB prophylaxis have been demonstrated for persons with HIV/AIDS who meet the criteria for these preventive therapies. (CD4+ testing is included as a standard of care in the Public Health Service treatment guidelines but is not included here because it already is provided to nearly 100 percent of individuals measured by this objective.)
Data from HIV and AIDS case surveillance continue to reflect the disproportionate impact of the epidemic on select populations, especially females, youth, and children. Everyone needs equal access to appropriate care and treatment services necessary to maintain a healthy life.
13-14. Reduce deaths from HIV infection.
Target: 0.8 death per 100,000 persons.
Baseline: 4.9 deaths from HIV infection per 100,000 persons in 1998 (preliminary data; age adjusted to the year 2000 population).
Target setting method: Better than the best.
Data source: National Vital Statistics System, CDC, NCHS.
Total Population, 1997* |
Deaths Due to HIV Infection |
13-14.
Both Sexes |
Females† |
Males† |
Rate per 100,000 |
TOTAL |
6.1 |
2.7 |
9.7 |
Race and ethnicity |
American Indian or Alaska Native |
2.5 |
DSU |
3.8 |
Asian or Pacific Islander |
0.9 |
DSU |
1.7 |
Asian |
DNC |
DNC |
DNC |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
DNC |
DNC |
DNC |
Black or African American |
26.6 |
13.9 |
41.7 |
White |
3.5 |
1.0 |
6.0 |
|
Hispanic or Latino |
8.9 |
3.5 |
14.2 |
Not Hispanic or Latino |
5.9 |
2.6 |
9.3 |
Black or African American |
27.3 |
14.3 |
42.9 |
White |
2.8 |
0.7 |
4.9 |
Education level (aged 25 to 64 years) |
Less than high school |
19.4 |
11.8 |
26.3 |
High school graduate |
14.3 |
6.2 |
23.0 |
At least some college |
5.8 |
1.6 |
10.1 |
DNA = Data have not been analyzed. DNC = Data are not collected. DSU = Data are statistically unreliable.
Note: Age adjusted to the year 2000 standard population.
*New data for population groups will be added when available.
†Data for females and males are displayed to further characterize the issue. |
The impact of new combination drug therapies first was reported in 1997 when deaths attributable to HIV infection were down 44 percent from the first 6 months of 1996, compared with the first 6 months of 1997. These surveillance data suggest that not only are new therapies delaying progression from AIDS to death, but, with early diagnosis and treatment, these therapies also are helping to delay the progression from HIV infection to an AIDS diagnosis for many persons.
13-15. (Developmental) Extend the interval of time between an initial diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis in order to increase years of life of an individual infected with HIV.
Potential data source: HIV/AIDS Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP.
This objective is meant to indicate which populations are not benefiting from current treatment therapies and where to direct resources. HIV-infected persons should be identified at the earliest possible opportunity and referred to appropriate medical, social, and preventive services that may preserve their health, help them avoid opportunistic illnesses, reduce sexual and drug-use behaviors that may spread HIV, and generally extend the quality of their lives. For HIV-infected persons to benefit from treatment advances, HIV counseling and testing programs must facilitate an early diagnosis of HIV infection. All persons should have equal access to appropriate care and treatment services necessary for maintaining a healthy life.
13-16. (Developmental) Increase years of life of an HIV-infected person by extending the interval of time between an AIDS diagnosis and death.
Potential data source: HIV/AIDS Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP.
This objective provides insight into which population groups lack or fail to respond to treatment. To sustain reductions in deaths due to HIV infection, access to treatment and care is necessary. Targeting prevention efforts at groups disproportionately affected also is important.
13-17. (Developmental) Reduce new cases of perinatally acquired HIV infection.
Potential data source: HIV/AIDS Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP.
Perinatal transmission of HIV accounts for virtually all new HIV infections in children. Through 1993, an estimated 15,000 HIV-infected children were born to HIV-positive women in the United States . As of June 1998, 8,280 AIDS cases had been reported in children under age 13 years in the United States . Perinatally acquired AIDS cases have been reported from 48 States, the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 3, 22
The National Institutes of Health sponsored an AIDS clinical trial, ACTG-076, after demonstrating that the risk of perinatal HIV transmission could be reduced by as much as two-thirds with the use of zidovudine therapy. This therapy was given to HIV-positive pregnant females during pregnancy and childbirth and for their newborns for 6 weeks after birth. 21 Additional research confirmed that routine and universal counseling and voluntary testing, combined with zidovudine therapy, are highly effective in preventing HIV. 21 In addition, recently completed and ongoing research suggests that other antiretroviral agents also can reduce significantly maternal-infant HIV transmission. These additional therapeutic options should increase the opportunity to intervene to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. Substantial declines in perinatal AIDS cases have been reported. Estimated new cases of pediatric AIDS declined from 947 in 1992 to 225 in 1998. 3
Even though these prevention efforts are proving to be effective in reducing perinatal HIV transmission, the continued number of new cases of perinatally acquired HIV infection among infants indicates an ongoing risk of perinatal transmission and underscores the need for strategies to ensure that HIV-infected females have access to and receive adequate prenatal care and timely HIV counseling and voluntary testing, gain access to HIV-related care and services, receive chemoprophylaxis to reduce perinatal transmission, and avoid breastfeeding. This objective will remain developmental until all States extend their surveillance systems to include HIV.
Related Objectives From Other Focus Areas
7. Educational and Community-Based Programs
7-2. |
School health education |
9. Family Planning
9-10. |
Pregnancy prevention and sexually transmitted disease protection |
14. Immunization and Infectious Diseases
14-11. |
Tuberculosis |
14-13. |
Treatment for high-risk persons with latent tuberculosis infection |
20. Occupational Safety and Health
20-10. |
Needlestick injuries |
25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
25-8. |
Heterosexually transmitted HIV infection in women |
25-11. |
Responsible adolescent sexual behavior |
25-17. |
Screening of pregnant women |
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Published January 2000
Excerpted from: Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2010 |