But they also drew an unusually blunt defence from a senior Chinese official on Tuesday, who was adamant that her country was cleaning up its safety record. The formal talks were delayed for over an hour by what Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi called a "very heated discussion" between the two sides.
Trade boss Wu said in opening comments that "disharmonious notes" had entered the two nations' dealings, and she argued that U.S. claims about problem products were overdone.
"The U.S. media hyped about the quality of Chinese exports, causing serious damage to China's national image," she said through an interpreter.
The talks ended on a more conciliatory note, with the two sides unveiling 14 agreements aimed at broadening market access, promoting tourism, encouraging investment and tightening checks on Chinese exports of foods, animal feed and drugs.
For a factbox on the agreements, please double-click on [ID:nPEK87782]
PENALTIES
U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Mike Leavitt said he hoped that U.S. food inspectors might eventually be posted in China to monitor shipments and help exporters understand American standards.
"We're proposing higher penalties for those who don't keep the rules. But the most severe penalty, and the swiftest penalty, is to be eliminated from access to American consumers," he told reporters after visiting a fruit juice plant near Beijing.
Despite the flurry of agreements, officials made no secret that big differences remain over the direction of economic ties.
U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez said there was debate in the Chinese government about whether to continue opening markets, but he believed it would ultimately do so.
"We heard a strong desire that China remain open and that it opens up further," Gutierrez told a closing news conference.
He said he would keep trying to ward off protectionist measures demanded by U.S. lawmakers, many of whom see the safety scares as merely the latest in a string of misdeeds by China.
"It would be a big mistake to legislate protectionist measures as a way of managing a complex relationship," Gutierrez said.
The United States wants to boost its exports to China and is prepared to use "tools" including taking disputes to the World Trade Organisation if necessary, he added.
RECALLS
Tensions have run high in recent months as a spate of recalls has taken Chinese-made toys and other products off U.S. shop shelves. Toy maker Mattel has recalled over 21 million items.
More than two-thirds of Americans say concern over product safety has hurt their confidence in Chinese goods, a U.S. poll on Monday showed.
Safety will also take the spotlight when the two countries hold a ministerial-level "strategic economic dialogue" on Wednesday and Thursday to tackle longer-term issues.
With growing U.S. complaints about the country's trade gap with China, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson will also be looking for signs of exchange rate reforms and other steps that could help even up trade flows.
The U.S. trade deficit with China hit a record $234 billion in 2006 and is on track to surpass that this year.
In an apparent sign that Beijing is not deaf to U.S. lawmakers' complaints that China hands its exporters an unfair edge by holding down the value of its currency, China set the yuan at a new high against the dollar on Tuesday.
The yuan has appreciated 9.9 percent since it was revalued in 2005, but many U.S. politicians want to see much bigger rises.
For a factbox on the yuan, please double-click on [ID:nPEK101411]
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