The PR1 vaccine is derived from two myeloid leukemia-associated antigens, proteins that are either overexpressed or aberrantly expressed in cancer cells. When PR1 elicits an immune response, PR1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are produced that selectively kill three types of leukemia - myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Out of 66 patients in the trial, 53 had active disease and 13 were in remission when they entered the trial. Of the 53 with one of the three types of active leukemia, 25 (47 percent) had an immune response and 28 did not. Nine out of 25 responders (36 percent) had some type of clinical response compared with three of the 28 non-responders (10 percent).
Among the 13 in remission at the start of the trial, four remained in remission for a median time of 30.5 months.
In phase I trials, patients have been heavily pretreated with other therapies. "We had good accrual and a reasonably long follow-up of almost three years," Qazilbash says, "For a Phase I/II, that's a fair number of patients."
"Immunotherapy works best for low level of disease," Qazilbash says. "So patients with low leukemia burden may get the maximum benefit."
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Disease-specific Phase II clinical trials of the vaccine for chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome are planned or under way at M. D. Anderson. The Vaccine Company, which makes the PR1 vaccine, is conducting a national Phase III clinical trial for acute myelogenous leukemia.
To be eligible for PR1, patients must be positive for a specific major histocompatibility molecule, HLA-A2. The molecule presents antigens so they can be "seen" by T lymphocytes. Qazilbash says about 40 percent of the general population is HLA-A2+.
The PRI vaccine was developed by Jeffrey Molldrem, M.D., professor in M. D. Anderson's Department of Stem Cell Transplantation. Molldrem co-founded The Vaccine Company in 2003 and the company licensed the technology from M. D. Anderson in 2004. M. D. Anderson has an equity interest in the Vaccine Company. These arrangements are managed in accordance with M. D. Anderson's conflict of interest policies.
Co-authors with Qazilbash and Molldrem are Eric D. Weider, Ph.D., Rosa L. Rios, Sijie Lu, Ph.D., Shreya Kant, Sergio Giralt, M.D., Krishna Komanduri, M.D., and Richard Champlin, M.D., all of the Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; Peter F. Thall, Ph.D., and Xuemei Wang, of M. D. Anderson's Department of Biostatistics; and Elihu H. Estey, M.D., of Jorge Cortes, M.D., M. D. Anderson's Department of Leukemia. |
