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Recent News and Articles on the Keywords: host genetics + host responses + research  Related to the article below (Last Update: 5/5/2008)

Fruit Flies Show How Salmonella Escapes Immune Defenses
Science Daily (press release) - Apr 17, 2008
Researchers have come closer to understanding how these bacteria manage to thwart two major categories of immune defenses at once and set up shop in a host ...
Adenovirus-based H5N1 vaccine broadly protective in mice
CIDRAP, MN - May 2, 2008
Though it can't replicate, it can enter host cells, according to Hoelscher. In a previous report, published last December, the scientists said a version of ...

Cambridge Network
Cambridge academics elected to American Academy of Arts & Sciences
Cambridge Network, UK - Apr 30, 2008
They are amongst a host of prominent academics, artists and business leaders in the Academy?s 2008 class, which includes recipients of awards as diverse as ...
Seattle Genetics Reports First Quarter 2008 Financial Results
Business Wire (press release), CA - Apr 24, 2008
Seattle Genetics? management will host a conference call and webcast to discuss the financial results and provide an update on business activities. ...SGEN
Alcoholic Lung Disease
RedOrbit, TX - Apr 30, 2008
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26(1):65- 73, 2002. PMID: 11821656 ZHANG, P.; BAGBY, GJ; HAPPEL, KI; ET AL. Pulmonary host defenses and ...
Science and Recovery in Schizophrenia
Psychiatric Services (subscription) - May 1, 2008
The magnitude of effects has been small to moderate from a host of variables thought to influence behavioral function in schizophrenia, including gender, ...
Mercury and Autism: What the FDA and CDC Don?t Want You to Know
American Chronicle, CA - Apr 21, 2008
The federal officials and industry representatives had assembled to discuss a disturbing new study that raised alarming questions about the safety of a host ...
New Findings on an Old Question: Does Divorce Cause Children's ...
PR Newswire (press release), NY - Apr 23, 2008
I don't think we have cause to say there is a "divorce gene" or some people who are just "bad spouses" or "bad parents": a host of sociological and ...
UCSB Researchers Focus on Animal-to-Human Disease Shifts
The Santa Barbara Independent, CA - May 3, 2008
Published in this week?s Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the team?s research explains that ?host shifts? from animal reservoirs to humans typically ...
How Much Progress Have Psychology and Psychiatry Really Made? A ...
New York Times Blogs, NY - Apr 8, 2008
Psychological science continues to show that our thinking is prone to a host of errors. Consider the phenomenon of illusory correlation. ...
Source: Google News

Host response to EBV infection in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease results from mutations in an … -
AJ Coffey, RA Brooksbank, O Brandau, T Oohashi, GR … - Nat Genet, 1998 - palgrave-journals.com
... an uncontrolled cytotoxic T-cell response 10 ... important in understanding the normal
host regulation of ... critical region for XLP Previous genetic linkage studies ...

Host responses in periodontal diseases: current concepts. -
RJ Genco - J Periodontol, 1992 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
... diagnostic tests based upon host response are apparent ... neutrophil abnormalities may
provide genetic markers for ... factors based upon host response measures offer ...

… encoded by vaccinia virus: a novel mechanism of virus modulation of the host response to infection. -
A Alcami, GL Smith - Cell, 1992 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
... of virus modulation of the host response to infection ... diminish the systemic acute
phase response to infection ... Publication Types: Research Support, Non-US Gov't. ...

Insights into host responses against pathogens from transcriptional profiling. -
RG Jenner, RA Young - Nat Rev Microbiol, 2005 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
... Insights into host responses against pathogens from transcriptional profiling. Jenner
RG, Young RA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge ...

Lethal H5N1 influenza viruses escape host anti-viral cytokine responses -
SH Seo, E Hoffmann, RG Webster? - Nat Med, 2002 - palgrave-journals.com
... Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. ... is known to attenuate
the host response mediated by ... to cytokines, we used reverse genetics 17 to ...

Endotoxin-tolerant Mice Have Mutations in Toll-like Receptor 4 (Tlr4) -
ST Qureshi, L Lariviere, G Leveque, S Clermont, KJ … - Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1999 - Rockefeller Univ Press
... Address correspondence to Danielle Malo, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance,
Montreal General Hospital, 1650 ... Genetic control of responses to bacterial ...

Host Gene Regulation During Coxsackievirus B3 Infection in Mice Assessment by Microarrays -
LA Taylor, CM Carthy, D Yang, K Saad, D Wong, G … - Circulation Research, 2000 - Am Heart Assoc
... cruzi Infection Involves Minimal Modulation of Host Cell Transcription J ... and GW DORN
II Divergent transcriptional responses to independent genetic causes of ...

Science, medicine, and the future: Leishmaniasis -
LJ Roberts - BMJ, 2000 - pubmedcentral.nih.gov
... Host susceptibility and the T helper cell response. Research into the host genetics
of leishmaniasis includes studies aimed at understanding the fundamental ...

Innate immunity -
R Medzhitov, CA Biron - Current Opinion in Immunology, 2003 - Elsevier
... covering areas as diverse as the genetics of host ... consequences of their activities
in the host cells ... the negative control of immune and inflammatory responses. ...

Genetic variation and covariation in responses to host plants by Alsophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: … -
DJ Futuyma, TE Philippi - Evolution, 1987 - JSTOR
... 279 GENETIC VARIATION AND COVARIATION IN RESPONSES TO HOST ... Thus the discovery that
genetic correlations between fitnesses on different host plants are ...

Source: Google Scholar

Genetics Research On Host Responses To HIV May Lead To Improved Therapies And A Vaccine
The first genome-wide association study of an infectious disease, conducted by an international group of researchers through the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI), has yielded a new understanding of why some people can suppress virus levels following HIV infection. "The clearer picture of host responses to the virus achieved through this examination of genomes could lead to improved HIV therapies and provides new targets for vaccine developers," says Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D., director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). CHAVI, which is led by Barton Haynes, M.D., of Duke University, Durham, N.C., was established in 2005 by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the NIH.
CHAVI's host genetics team, led by David Goldstein, Ph.D., also of Duke University, included scientists from several European countries and Australia who formed a consortium, EuroCHAVI, to perform this study. The investigators identified three gene variants, two of which are linked to an infected person's ability to control HIV viral load and a third that is implicated in disease progression to AIDS. The research is being published by Science on the Science Express Web site.

"CHAVI is designed to foster collaborative research to overcome roadblocks that have impeded HIV vaccine development," says NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "The insights into genetic factors influencing host control of HIV revealed by this work exemplify the power of such collective investigations."

Genome-wide association studies aim to identify genetic variations among people that can be tied to variations in disease susceptibility. Recent genome-wide association studies have found genetic markers linked to increased risk of such ailments as diabetes, cancer and heart disease. The CHAVI investigators are the first to apply genome-wide association techniques to an infectious disease.

"People vary greatly in their vulnerability to HIV infection," notes Dr. Haynes. "In particular, there are striking and largely unexplained differences between individuals in the degree to which they are able to hold viral levels to a low set point in the period soon after infection." If scientists could pinpoint the gene variants that help some people control HIV infection--or avoid it altogether--they might be able to rationally design therapies or vaccines to mimic these naturally occurring genetic advantages, he notes.

In 2006, CHAVI researchers launched an effort to pool genetic data from HIV-positive individuals who had enrolled in nine studies based throughout Europe and in Australia. Together, these studies contained information on more than 30,000 individuals. From this pooled cohort, the CHAVI scientists ultimately chose 486 DNA samples--representing the genomes of 486 HIV-positive people whose viral load set points had been carefully and accurately measured at multiple time points--for the genome-wide association study.
The scientists applied the genome samples to gene chips dotted with more than 550,000 human gene variants, called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. The sweep of genomes found three SNPs that were strongly associated with either viral load set point or disease progression. The two variants associated with viral load can explain 15 percent of the total variation among all infected individuals, the scientists estimate.

One of the identified variants is near a human immune gene called HLA-C, and may provide a new route for HIV vaccine developers to explore, says Dr. Goldstein. People with the identified variant are thought to make more of the gene's product than people who lack this presumably protective genetic variant. A consequence of this extra production of HLA-C protein, researchers hypothesize, is that the immune system is better able successfully identify and remove HIV-infected cells, thus keeping viral load set points low for long periods.

HIV has many ways to defend itself from immune system efforts to eliminate it. One defense is the ability of an HIV gene, nef, to decrease the production of two related immune system proteins, HLA-A and HLA-B. Nef, scientists believe, is not able to similarly hamper the expression of HLA-C. If scientists could design a vaccine to enhance HLA-C-mediated immune responses, they might be able to hit HIV at a vulnerable point, says Dr. Goldstein. Although HLA-C had previously been suspected of contributing to HIV control, this genome-wide study is the first to confirm the association, he adds.

The CHAVI investigators are currently building on these studies of polymorphisms to pinpoint the specific human gene variants that influence HIV replication.

"We applaud the CHAVI investigators for the highly collaborative nature of this work. It demonstrates that answers to important questions, requiring analysis of large amounts of clinical specimens, can be obtained quickly," says Peggy Johnston, Ph.D., director of NIAID's Vaccine Research Program.

CHAVI is a consortium of researchers from five institutions. In addition to Duke University, the institutions are the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; the University of Alabama-Birmingham; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; and Oxford University, U.K. NIAID established CHAVI in response to recommendations made by the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, and its goals are linked to those of the Enterprise. Endorsed by world leaders at a G-8 summit in June 2004, the Enterprise is a virtual consortium of independent organizations committed to accelerating development of effective vaccines against HIV/AIDS through the creation and implementation of a shared strategic scientific plan, mobilization of resources, and greater coordination among HIV vaccine researchers worldwide. Additional information about the Global Enterprise can be found at http://www.hivvaccineenterprise.org/. For additional information about CHAVI, visit http://www.chavi.org/.

NIAID is a component of the National Institutes of Health. NIAID supports basic and applied research to prevent, diagnose and treat infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria and illness from potential agents of bioterrorism. NIAID also supports research on basic immunology, transplantation and immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH)--The Nation's Medical Research Agency--includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-07/nioa-fgs071907.php.

Reference: J Fellay et al. Identification of major determinants of the host control of HIV-1 through a whole-genome association study. Science Express DOI: 10.1126/science.1143767 (published online July 19, 2007.)

News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/.

Source: Anne A. Oplinger
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
 
 
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