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Recent News and Articles on the Keywords: shut down + protein + gene  Related to the article below (Last Update: 5/12/2008)

Epic Genetics: Genes? chemical clothes may underlie the biology ...
Science News - May 9, 2008
Somehow unneeded genes must be shut down, and the genes that are necessary to form a particular cell type must be turned on. ...
Full Text
Science Magazine (subscription) - May 8, 2008
In marsupials and eutherians, imprinted genes are dialed to different settings and sometimes shut down altogether, depending on whether they originated from ...
Leaving a mark
Science News - May 6, 2008
So child abuse could shut off rRNA genes by scarring them with methylation. That leads to depletion of rRNAs, which then dials down protein production, ...

Los Angeles Times
Ken Hively / Los Angeles Times
Los Angeles Times, CA - Apr 28, 2008
... that causes the pigment-containing skin cells to shut down and stop reproducing. Green says the pigment cells seem to start making the protein when they ...
The More We Know About Genes, the Less We Understand
Wired News - Apr 17, 2008
They also discovered that the three genes can all be shut down at once. A special protein latches onto a distinctive bit of DNA near the genes, blocking the ...
Early Clinical Trial Results Back New Drug For Melanoma
Science Daily (press release) - Apr 15, 2008
An excess of this protein can overstimulate neurons to the point where they burn out -- a possible explanation of what happens in ALS. In a melanoma cell, ...
What is fragile X syndrome?
Peoria Journal Star, IL - Apr 13, 2008
The full mutation causes the gene to shut down a region of the FMR-1 gene. Normally, the FMR-1 gene produces an important protein called FMRP. ...
A cancer leaves few to lobby
Pittsburgh Post Gazette, PA - Apr 13, 2008
So the trick is to find a way to shut down the stem cells, Dr. Maitra said, and he believes he has found a good target in a gene with the odd name of ...
StandoutStocks.com: StandoutStocks.com "Stocks that Standout ...
Trading Markets (press release), CA - May 5, 2008
Arco (Anaconda's parent company) shut Anaconda down and abandoned the project. Chevron then staked the same area, did their geochemistry and selected drill ...PINK:BDGW

Scientific American
Mouth test could predict lung cancer, study finds
Scientific American - Apr 13, 2008
The p16 gene was shut down via a process called methylation in the lungs of 23 percent of the volunteers, while FHIT was affected in 17 percent. ...
Source: Google News

GENE SILENCING: A Faster Way to Shut Down Genes -
RJ Davenport - Science, 2001 - sciencemag.org
... mouse embryos, dsRNA triggers a global shutdown of protein ... stops its target from
making protein (left); siRNAs ... tried to date, they have shut down target genes ...

Responses of insect cells to baculovirus infection: protein synthesis shutdown and apoptosis -
X Du, SM Thiem - J Virol, 1997 - pubmedcentral.nih.gov
... Abstract. Protein synthesis is globally shut down at late times ... M nucleopolyhedrovirus,
is able to preclude protein synthesis shutdown and ensure ...

Down-regulation of RAG1 and RAG2 gene expression in preB cells after functional immunoglobulin heavy … -
U Grawunder, TM Leu, DG Schatz, A Werner, AG … - Immunity, 1995 - actxdownload.immunity.com
... the cells need a productive VHDJH to shut down RAG expression ... presence of RAG mRNA
and RAG2 protein coincides with immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, VDJ ...

Specific interference with gene function by double-stranded RNA in early mouse development -
F Wianny, M Zernicka-Goetz - Nature Cell Biology, 2000 - nature.com
... embryos, consistent with the previous finding that the c-mos gene is not ... in a decrease
in green fluorescence and did not shut down protein synthesis, although ...

Alternative splicing of exon 14 determines nuclear or cytoplasmic localisation of fmr1 protein … -
A Sittler - Human Molecular Genetics, 1996 - Oxford Univ Press
... and result in the transcriptional shut down of the ... and understand the role of the
FMR1 gene. ... or immunohistochemical analysis of the FMR1 protein (FMRP) (11 -13 ...

Protein synthesis is shutdown in dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is reversed by oxygen or … -
YM Hu, PD Butcher, K Sole, DA Mitchison, ARM … - FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1998 - Blackwell Synergy
... bacilli, making the cells efficiently shut down the majority ... of the protein synthesis
shutdown is unknown ... the stationary phase was gradually down-regulated and ...

A targeted mutation in the mouse E-cadherin gene results in defective preimplantation development. -
D Riethmacher, V Brinkmann, C Birchmeier - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the …, 1995 - pubmedcentral.nih.gov
... Downregulation or complete shut-down of E-cadherin expression ... mutation into the
E-cadherin gene by homologous ... A homolog of the armadillo protein in Drosophila ...

Interfering With Gene Expression -
J Marx - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org
... that pigment production had been shut down rather than ... They have to pin down the
functions of the ... Such methylation can lead to transcriptional shutdown of genes ...

" Fluorescent Timer": Protein That Changes Color with Time -
A Terskikh, A Fradkov, G Ermakova, A Zaraisky, P … - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org
... lost the strong green fluorescence upon transcription shutdown. ... the E5 mutant;
transcription was shut down at 0 ... silent, giving the accumulated protein time to ...

… during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/ … -
J Ikenouchi, M Matsuda, M Furuse, S Tsukita - Journal of Cell Science, 2003 - jcs.biologists.org
... Snail eliminates these fine regulations to shut off the ... structure and barrier function
by down-regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in ...

Source: Google Scholar

Protein Protects Anti-Cancer Gene From Chemical Shutdown
A protein that is largely absent in one type of skin cancer protects an important gene in a cell's defense against harmful mutations from being silenced, researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center report in the July 20 edition of Molecular Cell.

The protein IKKα, expressed at reduced levels in aggressive squamous cell carcinomas both in mice and humans, prevents a vital "checkpoint" gene from being chemically shut down, says Yinling Hu, Ph.D., senior author of the paper and assistant professor in M. D. Anderson's Department of Carcinogenesis at the Science Park - Research Division in Smithville, Texas.
Expression of the checkpoint gene, called 14-3-3ơ, normally is triggered by the cancer-preventing gene p53 in response to DNA damage in the cell, Hu says. The protein expressed by the checkpoint gene helps to block a defective cell from dividing, allowing its genetic errors to be repaired rather than repeated in a new cell. Cells with damaged genes or genes that are behaving abnormally are the drivers of cancer.

"What we've identified is a mechanism that promotes genetic instability in keratinocytes, a critical type of skin cell that makes up 90 percent of epidermal cells, during the development of human skin cancers," Hu says. They found that the absence or weak expression of IKKα leaves the checkpoint gene vulnerable to silencing.

In a series of experiments reported in the Molecular Cell paper, Hu and colleagues show how IKKα prevents silencing of the checkpoint gene by a chemical process known as methylation. Methyl groups, consisting of a carbon atom surrounded by three hydrogen atoms, attach to specific locations on a gene and prevent it from expressing its protein without altering the gene. The team restored the checkpoint gene's activity by first restoring the expression of IKKα in deficient cells by infecting the cells with a virus designed to express IKKα.

"DNA methylation is largely responsible for shutting down the checkpoint gene expression in human cancer cells," Hu says. "Our finding opens a new avenue for identifying new therapeutic targets for battling cancer. Although IKKa can protect the checkpoint gene 14-3-3ơ from silencing, IKKα itself is frequently impaired in cancer cells. So we are going to define specific downstream targets of IKKα involved in regulating DNA methylation of the checkpoint gene. Those targets may be used to prevent silencing of the gene in cancer cells and so allow us to eliminate those cells."

In addition to understanding a critical component in skin cancer, the team notes that other researchers have shown that the checkpoint gene 14-3-3ơ is silenced in a variety of other human epithelial cancers. Epithelial cells make up the outer layers of skin and the inner linings of many organs, including the lungs and the gastrointestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts.
The checkpoint gene had been known to be silenced by methylation, but the mechanism had not been understood. DNA methylation is known as an epigenetic process, because it affects a gene's activity without changing or damaging the gene itself.

Hu's research group has focused on IKKα, which is an important component of a molecular complex that regulates the development of the lymph and immune systems. Hu and colleagues earlier showed that IKKa is essential for embryonic skin development.

Co-authors with Hu are first author Feng Zhu, Ph.D., Xiaojun Xia, Ph.D., Bigang Liu, Jianjun Shen, Ph.D., and Yuhui Hu, all of M. D. Anderson's Science Park - Research Division; and Maria Person, Ph.D., of the Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin.

University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 229
Houston, TX 77030
United States
http://www.mdanderson.org
 
 
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