While some universities may require an alcohol-education class, others may choose to impose a large fine – such as $300 – which often forces students to tell their parents, and some actually contact the parents.

"The Rutgers ADAPS program was already using an in-person brief motivational interview (BMI) intervention based on the Brief Alcohol Screening Intervention for College Students model," said White, who is also the study's corresponding author. "The ADAPS clinicians asked me to evaluate their program. Given that some studies ... had found that written feedback was efficacious, we decided to use the written personal feedback condition (WF) as the comparison group for this study."

White and her colleagues tracked 348 mandated students (209 males, 139 females), randomly assigned to either in-person personal feedback intervention within the context of a BMI (n=180) or WF only (n=168), examining them at four and 15 months after the interventions. Most of the students (88%) were referred for an alcohol violation.

"Students in both groups reduced their drinking and related problems between the baseline assessment and the four-month follow-up," said White, "and there were no significant differences between the two groups. However, in the long-term - 15 months post-baseline - students who received the BMI reported less alcohol use and related problems than those who received the WF. Therefore, the results suggest that mandated students may benefit from in-person personal feedback interventions within the context of a BMI."

White added that her study helps to illustrate that studies that do not follow students for a long time may miss important effects of interventions. She used the term "sleeper effects" to describe clinical improvements that are not apparent right after treatment, but emerge some time later.

"Furthermore, whereas a few other studies using samples of high-risk college student volunteers have found written feedback interventions to be as effective as in-person feedback interventions, our results do not replicate these findings for mandated students. Therefore, in-person interventions may have a special role for mandated students, or alternatively the effects of in-person interventions may last longer than written feedback (which has not been tested in other studies)."

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Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) is the official journal of the Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Co-authors of the ACER paper, “Long-term Effects of Brief Substance Use Interventions for Mandated College Students: Sleeper Effects of an In-Person Personal Feedback Intervention,” were: Eun Young Mun, Lisa Pugh, and Thomas J. Morgan of Rutgers University. The study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.