Geometric equations of the heart Minneapolis Star Tribune, MN - Aug 1, 2008 Her goal is to find Will's friend Maya, extract her from her go-nowhere existence with her parents and bring her to a better life in the city, as a maid. ...
Crushed and humiliated by my own naivety Irish Times, Ireland - Aug 2, 2008 (Photograph: Agence France Presse/Getty Images) BOOK EXTRACT/ CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARDS : In this extract from his autobiography, written by Irish Times ...
Scrabulous Returns To Facebook, As Wordscraper Slashdot - Jul 31, 2008 ... that the programmers could extract that sort of performance from the combination of Facebook's servers and my dual-core, 2GHz+ laptop. ...HAS
Going the distance with telecom customers BusinessDay, Nigeria - Jul 30, 2008 Yet the performance of knowledge-intensive companies within the same industry varies significantly, which suggests that some of them struggle to extract...
Nut allergy: With one kiss, I could kill my husband Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - Jul 27, 2008 Drops of solution containing nut extract were applied to the inner arm. Adam showed the most violent reaction to brazil and pine nuts, which caused red ...
Health Benefits in Cinnamon RedOrbit, TX - Jul 7, 2008 Pre-diabetics are not only at risk of developing diabetes but are also at risk of suffering heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, blindness and nerve ...
What's New Under the Sun RedOrbit, TX - Jul 18, 2008 Nutrients and botanicals such as malabar nut tree leaf extract, mullein leaf, and wasabai extract help cleanse the lungs and ease nervousness and anxiety ...
Police use of drugged confessions questioned The National, United Arab Emirates - Jul 21, 2008 ?There are the same risks as there are with administering a general anaesthetic ? respiratory failure and heart failure,? Dr Krishnamurthy said. ...
Managing Lipid Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease Medscape (subscription) - Jul 15, 2008 It just cannot land on these cells to extract the lipids out of them as effectively as a normal condition would allow. The other issue is that there is an ...
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The Effect of Carvedilol on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure - M Packer, MR Bristow, JN Cohn, WS Colucci, MB … - The New England Journal of Medicine, 1996 - nejm.org ... in Patients with Chronic HeartFailure Moy? LA, Abernethy D., von Olshausen K.,
Pop T., Berger J., Packer M., Cohn JN, Colucci WS Extract | Full Text N Engl J ... -
Heart Failure - M Jessup, S Brozena - New England Journal of Medicine, 2003 - content.nejm.org ...HeartFailure Eltzschig HK, Ehlers R., Shernan SK, Rodriguez W., Silver SM,
Schoevaerdts D., Swine C., Vanpee D., Jessup M., Brozena S. Extract | Full Text ...
The Management of Chronic Heart Failure - JN Cohn - New England Journal of Medicine, 1996 - content.nejm.org ... The Management of Chronic HeartFailure Howard PA, Dunn MI, Sahebjami H., Cohn JN Extract | Full Text N Engl J Med 1997; 336:295-296, Jan 23, 1997. ...
Cardiac Resynchronization in Chronic Heart Failure - WT Abraham, WG Fisher, AL Smith, DB Delurgio, AR … - New England Journal of Medicine, 2002 - content.nejm.org ... Therapy for HeartFailure Bax JJ, Van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Gottlieb SS, Fisher
ML, Abraham WT, the MIRACLE Study Group Extract | Full Text | PDF N Engl J ...
Amiodarone in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure and Asymptomatic Ventricular Arrhythmia - SN Singh, RD Fletcher, SG Fisher, BN Singh, HD … - New England Journal of Medicine, 1995 - content.nejm.org ... in Congestive HeartFailure Silver MJ, Young J., Topol EJ, Colli A., Sechi LA, De
Carli S., Bartoli E., Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG Extract | Full Text N ...
… intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure - MW Rich, V Beckham, C Wittenberg, CL Leven, KE … - New England Journal of Medicine, 1995 - content.nejm.org ... WL, Weinberger M., Oddone EZ, Henderson WG, Welch HG Extract | Full Text ... Activities
of Home-Based HeartFailure Nurse Specialists: A Modified Narrative Analysis ...
Rapid Measurement of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart Failure - AS Maisel, P Krishnaswamy, RM Nowak, J McCord, JE … - New England Journal of Medicine, 2002 - content.nejm.org ... in HeartFailure Colli A., Fraquelli M., Conte D., Hassan Y., Shapira AR, Hassan
S., Foote RS, Pearlman JD, Maisel AS, Clopton P., McCullough PA Extract | Full ...
Hormones and Hemodynamics in Heart Failure - RW Schrier, WT Abraham - New England Journal of Medicine, 1999 - content.nejm.org ... and Hemodynamics in HeartFailure. Robert W. Schrier, MD, and William T. Abraham,
MD. Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the ...
Long-Term Trends in the Incidence of and Survival with Heart Failure - D Levy, S Kenchaiah, MG Larson, EJ Benjamin, MJ … - New England Journal of Medicine - content.nejm.org ...HeartFailure ? Incidence and Survival Haddy FJ, Levy D., Kenchaiah S., Vasan RS Extract | Full Text | PDF N Engl J Med 2003; 348:660, Feb 13, 2003. ...
Obesity and the Risk of Heart Failure - S Kenchaiah, JC Evans, D Levy, PWF Wilson, EJ … - New England Journal of Medicine, 2002 - content.nejm.org ... Risk of HeartFailure O'Brien G., Maurer MS, Taegtmeyer H., Wilson CR, Dart RA,
Jenny-Avital ER, Kenchaiah S., Levy D., Vasan RS, Massie BM Extract | Full Text ...
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Pine extract prevents heart failure damage in mice
Last Updated: 2007-05-22 13:34:44 -0400 (Reuters Health)
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A powerful antioxidant extracted from the bark of pine trees can help prevent harmful structural changes in the heart that accompany congestive heart failure, a new study in mice shows.
Feeding the extract to old mice that had been given chemicals to accelerate aging-related changes in heart structure reversed tissue-damaging gene expression patterns, Dr. Ronald Ross Watson of The University of Arizona in Tucson and colleagues found. "The effectiveness of Pycnogenol supplementation is a great option for many people who want an alternative to prescription medications such as beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors," Watson said in a press release accompanying the study.
Left ventricular remodeling, in which the main pumping chamber of the heart undergoes changes in shape and size that impair its ability to function effectively, is a key step in the progression of heart failure, the researchers note in their article in the journal Cardiovascular Toxicology. Pycnogenol, which is extracted from French maritime pine, has shown beneficial cardiovascular effects, including enhancement of the activity of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps the heart and blood vessels respond effectively to changing demands.
Article continues below and (thank you)
To investigate whether the extract could be beneficial in preventing cardiac remodeling as well, the researchers treated mice with a substance that blocks nitric oxide. The animals showed increases in expression of genes that produce collagen-destroying MMP molecules, while activity of collagen-producing genes was reduced, resulting in a reduction of the total amount of collagen within the heart.
When the researchers gave some of the animals Pycnogenol, however, these changes were reversed, resulting in an increase in total heart collagen content compared to mice that hadn't been given the extract.
There are a number of different mechanisms by which Pycnogenol might exert these effects, the researchers note, most likely by blocking the action of MMPs.
"We propose that a therapeutic effect of Pycnogenol may help to limit cardiac remodeling in patients predisposed to congestive heart failure -- such as in the aged," Watson and his team write. "Even so, a more thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms Pycnogenol modulates is clearly needed."
SOURCE: Cardiovascular Toxicology, published online May 16, 2007.
Pollutants, food ingredients, solvents may all cause harm, researchers say.
By Alan Mozes HealthDay Reporter
MONDAY, May 14 (HealthDay News) -- A detailed analysis of hundreds of completed breast cancer studies has linked disease development with environmental exposure to more than 200 chemical compounds.
The finding is part of an effort to build a free, online breast cancer database for researchers and the public.
Described as "the most comprehensive of its kind," the database will highlight growing concern about environmental carcinogens such as pollutants, food contaminants, and organic solvents. The scope of the project will also extend to work that explores risk-related lifestyle factors such as diet, levels of physical activity, smoking/drinking habits and body mass.
"This compilation is a great effort, because it summarizes all the evidence and gives us hints of what to look for next," explained researcher Leslie Bernstein, a professor of preventive medicine with the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
The results are outlined in a supplement to the May 14th online issue of Cancer. The database is already accessible at either www.silentspring.org/sciencereview or www.komen.org/environment.
According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), carcinogens are defined as agents that instigate abnormal cell division or harmful changes in the structure of a cell's DNA. They include chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents, among other things.
The ACS also notes that with the exception of skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. This year, almost 179,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with the disease, and about 40,000 will die.
The International Agency of Research on Cancer has already classified 90 or so compounds as human carcinogens, according to the ACS. But Bernstein's team said that most of the chemicals to which people are routinely exposed have not undergone any testing for carcinogenic risk. An estimated 80,000 chemicals are registered in the United States for commercial use, according to the researchers.
For more than two years, Bernstein worked alongside colleagues from Harvard University, the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, and the Silent Spring Institute to amass and sort through approximately 900 national and international breast cancer studies focused on carcinogens.
The team honed in on 460 human breast cancer studies, of which more than 150 looked at specific environmental carcinogens among breast cancer patients. Most of those studies were conducted in the 1990s.
The remaining studies involved animal or laboratory research. The researchers pointed out that animal studies are valid references, because all known human carcinogens have also triggered tumors in animal subjects.
In the animal studies alone, evidence surfaced that linked 216 chemicals to the onset of breast tumors. These included 36 industrial chemicals, 6 chlorinated solvents, 18 products of combustion, 10 pesticides, 18 dyes, four type of radiation, 47 pharmaceuticals, and 17 hormones.
Of these compounds, the researchers isolated 73 that can be found in either human food or consumer products.
They noted, for example, the lingering hazards associated with polychlorinated biphenyls (or PCBs), which were typically used in the production of electrical equipment until federally banned in 1979. PCBs continue to pose a risk via contaminated rivers, fish, and pre-existing building construction, the researchers warned.
In addition, the authors categorized 35 compounds as carcinogenic air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (or PAHs), which are byproducts of combustion.
The team also drew attention to another group of 25 organic compounds, including dioxins, which are produced by waste incineration and manufacturing. These carcinogenic chemicals are present in many American workplaces and place more than 5,000 women at an increased risk for breast cancer, the researchers said. These include women working in machine shops, dry cleaners, hairdressers, glass manufacturers, and aircraft maintenance facilities, all of which use harmful organic solvents.
Furthermore, among the identified carcinogens, 29 are produced in large amounts -- upwards of one million pounds or more per year.
The database project did not set strict guidelines as to how to limit exposure to carcinogens. But the authors said they encouraged research and government oversight into the problem. They advised that people do try and limit their exposure to PCB-contaminated fish, gasoline-generated air pollution, chlorinated tap water, non-stick coated cookware, and detergents containing fluorescent whiteners.
Just how carcinogenic, in terms of breast cancer risk, are these and other compounds on the list? The jury is still out on that question, Bernstein said.
"Women are terribly concerned about environmental causes of breast cancer," she said. "But it's really very difficult to study. Often the only way we've been able to look at some of these things is during occupational exposures or accidents -- what we usually call disasters."
"So, this work is a very useful tool for those of us who want to try to understand what we've missed in breast cancer. Now, it's up to us to do something with all this information," Bernstein said.
Janet Gray, a professor of psychology and the director of the program in science, technology and society at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., called the new database "an enormous contribution."
"Its greatest value is just the sheer comprehensive nature of the work, which allows both the public and researchers to have access to huge amounts of information in one place," she said. "I think this effort will really move us forward."
Known and Probable Carcinogens
Including Industrial Processes, Occupational Exposures, Infectious Agents, Chemicals, and Radiation)
What Is a Carcinogen?
Cancer is caused by abnormalities in a cell’s DNA (its genetic "blueprint"). These may be inherited from parents, or they may be caused by outside exposures to the body such as chemicals, radiation, or even infectious agents.
Substances that can cause changes that can lead to cancer are called carcinogens. Some carcinogens do not act on DNA directly, but lead to cancer in other ways, such as causing cells to divide at a faster rate, which could increase the chances that DNA changes will occur.
Carcinogens do not cause cancer in every case, all the time. Substances classified as carcinogens may have different levels of cancer-causing potential. Some may cause cancer only after prolonged, high levels of exposure. And for any particular person, the risk of developing cancer depends on many factors, including the length and intensity of exposure to the carcinogen and the person’s genetic makeup.
How Do We Determine if Something Is a Carcinogen? Scientists get much of their data about whether something might cause cancer from laboratory (cell culture and animal) studies. Although it isn’t possible to predict with certainty which substances will cause cancer in humans based on animal studies alone, virtually all known human carcinogens that have been adequately tested produce cancer in lab animals. In many cases, carcinogens are first found to cause cancer in lab animals and are later found to cause cancer in people. Because there are far too many substances (natural and manmade) to test each one in lab animals, scientists use knowledge about chemical structure, other types of lab tests, and information about the extent of human exposure to select chemicals for testing.
Most studies of potential carcinogens expose the lab animals to doses that are higher than common human exposures. This is so that cancer risk can be detected in relatively small groups of animals. For most carcinogens, it is assumed that those that cause cancer at larger doses in animals will also cause cancer in people. Although it isn’t always possible to know the relationship between exposure dose and risk, it is reasonable for public health purposes to assume that lowering human exposure will reduce risk.
Another important way to identify carcinogens is through epidemiologic studies, which look at human populations to determine which factors might be linked to cancer. While these studies also provide useful information, they also have their limitations. Humans do not live in a controlled environment. People are exposed to numerous substances at any one time, including those they encounter at work, school, or home; in the food they eat; and the air they breathe. And it is usually many years (often decades) between exposure to a carcinogen and the development of cancer. Therefore, it can be very hard to single out any particular exposure as having a definite link to cancer.
By combining data from both types of studies, scientists are able to make an educated assessment of a substance’s cancer-causing ability. When the available evidence is compelling but not felt to be conclusive, the substance may be considered to be a probable carcinogen.
How Are Carcinogens Classified?
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC, which is part if the World Health Organization (WHO). In the past 30 years, the IARC has evaluated the cancer-causing potential of about 900 likely candidates, placing them into one of the following groups:
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans
Perhaps not surprisingly, most of the agents are of probable, possible, or unknown risk. Only about 90 are classified as "carcinogenic to humans."
National Toxicology Program (NTP)
In the United States, the NTP releases the Report on Carcinogens about every 2 years. The NTP is formed from parts of several different government agencies, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The Report on Carcinogens (RoC) identifies 2 groups of agents:
"Known to be human carcinogens"
"Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens"
Unlike the IARC’s list, the RoC does not list substances that have been studied and found not to be carcinogens. Below are the lists of known and probable human carcinogens from both groups.
Known Human Carcinogens
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) "Carcinogenic to Humans" (Group 1)
Agents and Groups of Agents
Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
4-Aminobiphenyl
Arsenic and arsenic compounds (Note: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Estrogens, nonsteroidal (Note: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Estrogens, steroidal (Note: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Ethylene oxide
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
Formaldehyde
Gallium arsenide
Gamma radiation
Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
Herbal remedies containing plant species of the genus Aristolochia
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
Human papillomavirus type 16
Human papillomavirus type 18
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
Melphalan
8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
2-Naphthylamine
Neutrons
Nickel compounds
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
Oral contraceptives, combined (Note: There is also conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium)
Oral contraceptives, sequential
Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
Plutonium-239 and its decay products (may contain plutonium-240 and other isotopes), as aerosols
Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during childhood)
Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
Radium-224 and its decay products
Radium-226 and its decay products
Radium-228 and its decay products
Radon-222 and its decay products
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources)
Solar radiation
Talc containing asbestiform fibers
Tamoxifen (Note: There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
Thiotepa
Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide
Treosulfan
Vinyl chloride
X- and Gamma radiation
Mixtures
Alcoholic beverages
Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin
Areca nut
Betel quid with tobacco
Betel quid without tobacco
Coal-tar pitches
Coal-tars
Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated
Salted fish (Chinese-style)
Shale-oils
Soots
Tobacco products, oral tobacco products
Wood dust
Exposure Circumstances
Aluminum production
Arsenic in drinking water
Auramine, manufacture of
Boot and shoe manufacture and repair
Coal gasification
Coke production
Furniture and cabinet making
Hematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon
