The agency also should ensure that all veterans applying for PTSD compensation receive a thorough, initial evaluation by an experienced clinical professional. These exams should be of sufficient duration to provide a detailed picture of each veteran's condition so that disability raters -- non-clinical personnel who determine whether a disability is connected to military service and the level of impairment it entails -- can make more consistent and better informed decisions about the level of compensation each veteran merits. More thorough evaluations also would enhance VA's ability to detect inappropriate claims, though the committee confirmed that PTSD symptoms can manifest many years after a traumatic event or may interfere with a veteran's ability to function only later in life.
"As the increasing number of claims to the VA shows, PTSD has become very significant public health problem, particularly for veterans of current and past conflicts," said committee chair Nancy Andreasen, Andrew H. Woods Chair of Psychiatry and director, Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City. "Our review of the current methods for evaluating PTSD disability claims and determining compensation indicates that a comprehensive revision is needed."
Recent years have seen a spike in PTSD claims and a significant increase in disability payments for the condition. The number of cases jumped almost 80 percent between fiscal years 1999 and 2004, growing from 120,265 cases to 215,871. Payments for PTSD increased almost 150 percent over the same period, rising from $1.72 billion to $4.28 billion. The bulk of claims for PTSD compensation currently are coming from Vietnam War veterans who comprise the majority of living veterans, but claims also are being made by former service personnel of earlier conflicts as well as personnel who served in the first Gulf War and in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. There likely will be many more claims from the latter group in the future, so how this issue is resolved now will eventually affect many active duty personnel.
A thorough, initial evaluation by an experienced professional is crucial to improving PTSD compensation decisions, the committee said. These exams determine whether former service members are experiencing PTSD and how severe it is. Currently, the time devoted to the evaluations varies widely as does the amount of detail examiners provide to the raters who determine the appropriate level of compensation. Moreover, many veterans denied compensation eventually receive it after applying for re-evaluation, sometimes multiple times. Ensuring that every veteran making a claim receives a comprehensive evaluation could make the process more efficient.
The report offers a starting point to help VA devise new ratings criteria specific to PTSD. The committee emphasized the need to rate PTSD disability based on a fuller range of an individual's capacity to function, not just on his or her ability to work. The focus on occupational impairment in the current rating scheme penalizes veterans who can and do work despite their symptoms, and may serve as a disincentive to work, the report says.
Many disability claims are being submitted by veterans who have been out of military service for several years, which has prompted questions about how long after a traumatic event PTSD can manifest and whether standardized tests could detect dissembling if someone tried to make a fraudulent claim. The committee found abundant evidence that PTSD can develop at any time after exposure to trauma. It also can manifest as a relapsing condition or flare up after being suppressed and undiagnosed. Aging, loss of mental acuity, the death of friends or spouses, and other factors can trigger or exacerbate symptoms as well. Standardized tests can be a useful part of an assessment, but they are no substitute for a thorough clinical assessment by a trained professional, the committee concluded.
Combat exposure is not the only potential trigger for PTSD among service members; sexual assault is another form of trauma. The available information suggests that female veterans are less likely to receive compensation for PTSD, which may in part be due to the difficulty of substantiating exposure to traumatic events unrelated to combat, including sexual harassment or assaults that occurred during service. VA should make a concerted effort to gather data and provide reference materials to help disability raters better address the management of PTSD claims related to sexual assault during military service, the report says.
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The study was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine provides independent, objective, evidence-based advice to policymakers, health professionals, the private sector, and the public. The National Research Council is the principal operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering. A committee roster follows.
Pre-publication copies of PTSD Compensation and Military Service are available from the National Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
[ This news release and report are available at http://national-academies.org ]
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE Board on Military and Veterans Health and NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Center for Studies of Behavior and Development
Committee on Veterans' Compensation for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Nancy C. Andreasen, M.D., Ph.D. (chair)
Andrew H. Woods Chair of Psychiatry, and Director
Neuroimaging Research Center
Carver College of Medicine
University of Iowa
Iowa City
Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Ph.D., R.N.
Anna D. Wolf Chair
School of Nursing
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
Judith A. Cook, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, and Director
Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy
University of Illinois
Chicago
John A. Fairbank, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Medical Psychology
Duke University Medical Center, and Co-director National Center for Child Traumatic Stress
Durham, N.C.
Bonnie L. Green, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, and Director of Research
Department of Psychiatry
Georgetown University Medical School
Washington, D.C.
Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ph.D.
Distinguished University Professor
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Director
National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston
Kurt Kroenke, M.D.
Professor of Medicine
Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Indiana University, and Senior Research Scientist and Director of Fellowship Training Regenstrief Institute Inc.
Indianapolis
Richard A. Kulka, Ph.D.
Senior Vice President of Strategic Business Development Abt Associates Inc., and Senior Research Scientist Center for Demographic Studies
Duke University
Durham, N.C.
Patricia M. Owens, M.P.A.
Independent Consultant
Minisink Hills, Pa.
Robert T. Reville, Ph.D.
Director
RAND Institute of Civil Justice
Santa Monica, Calif.
David S. Salkever, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Public Policy University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and Research Associate National Bureau of Economic Research
Cambridge, Mass.
Robert J. Ursano, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Chair Department of Psychiatry; and Director Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, Md.
STAFF
David A. Butler, Ph.D.
Study Director |
